Editing Madeira wine (section)

===Modern era (19th century – present)===
The mid-19th century ushered an end to the industry's prosperity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Silva|first1=António|title=Once Upon a Time: The Old Blandy's Wine Lodge - Property Management and Business Strategies in Madeira (1811-1855)|journal=Herança - Revista de História, Património e Cultura|year=2023|volume=6|issue=2|pages=1–15|url =https://www.academia.edu/102068098}}</ref> First came the 1851 discovery of [[powdery mildew]], which severely reduced production over the next three years. Just as the industry was recovering through the use of the copper-based [[Bordeaux mixture]] fungicide, the [[phylloxera epidemic]] that had plagued [[France (wine)|France]] and other European [[wine region]]s reached the island. By the end of the 19th century, most of the island's vineyards had been uprooted, and many were converted to sugar cane production. The majority of the vineyards that did replant chose to use American vine varieties, such as ''[[Vitis labrusca]], [[Vitis riparia]] and [[Vitis rupestris]]'' or [[hybrid grape]] varieties rather than replant with the ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'' varieties that were previously grown.

By the turn of the 20th century, sales started to slowly return to normal, until the industry was rocked again by the [[Russian Civil War]] and [[American Prohibition]], which closed off two of Madeira's biggest markets.<ref name="Oxford pg 416-419"/> After the repeal of Prohibition, improved shipping technology meant that ships no longer needed to stop off in Madeira, the island which was directly in the trade winds between Europe and America. The wine became known as The Forgotten Island Wine. The rest of the 20th century saw a downturn for Madeira, both in sales and reputation, as low-quality "[[cooking wine]]" became primarily associated with the island—much as it had for [[Marsala (wine)|Marsala]].

In 1988, the Symington family of Portugal invested in the Madeira Wine Company which owned many of the Madeira brand names. They asked [[Bartholomew Broadbent]] to re-launch Madeira and create a market for it again in America, which he did in 1989, establishing a firm rebirth of Madeira.

Towards the end of the 20th century, some producers started a renewed focus on quality—ripping out the hybrid and American vines and replanting with the "noble grape" varieties of [[Sercial]], [[Verdelho]], [[Terrantez]], [[Bual]] and [[Malvasia]]. The "workhorse" varieties of [[Tinta Negra Mole]] now known officially as just Tinta Negra, and [[Complexa]] are still present and in high use, but hybrid grapes were officially banned from wine production in 1979. Today, Madeira's primary markets are in the [[Benelux]] countries, France (where it is only used for cooking, salt and pepper having been added prior to bottling), and Germany; emerging markets are growing in Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<ref name="Oxford pg 416-419"/>