Editing Mackinac Island (section)

===Nineteenth century to present===
[[File:Pere Marquette Mackinac 2007.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=A gray steel statue of Père Jacques Marquette, atop a marble pedestal|The statue of [[Jacques Marquette]], Jesuit priest and Great Lakes explorer, in front of Fort Mackinac]]
During the [[War of 1812]], the British captured the fort in the [[siege of Fort Mackinac]], the first battle of the conflict. The Americans were caught by surprise, not knowing that war had been declared. The victorious British attempted to protect their prize by building Fort George on the [[high ground]] behind Fort Mackinac. In 1814, the Americans and British fought [[Battle of Mackinac Island (1814)|a second battle]] on the north side of the island.<ref name="High Cliffs"/> The American second-in-command, [[Andrew Holmes (army officer)|Major Andrew Holmes]], was killed and the Americans failed to recapture the island. The [[United States Government Fur Trade Factory System|federal fur trade station]] at Mackinac, which had been established by the United States government in 1808, was then taken over by the  British.<ref>Wesley, Edgar Bruce (1935). Guarding the Frontier. University of Minnesota Press, p. 40.</ref>

By the [[Treaty of Ghent]] of 1815, the British returned the island and surrounding mainland to the U.S. The United States reoccupied Fort Mackinac, and renamed Fort George as ''Fort Holmes'' after Major Holmes.<ref name="High Cliffs"/><ref name="Holmes">{{cite web |last=Brennan |first=James |title=Fort Holmes |publisher=The Michigan Historical Marker Web Site |url=http://www.michmarkers.com/startup.asp?startpage=S0078.htm |access-date=March 4, 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184706/http://www.michmarkers.com/startup.asp?startpage=S0078.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The fort remained under control of the United States government until 1895. It provided volunteers to defend the Union during the [[American Civil War]], and was used as a prison for three [[Confederate States of America]] sympathizers.<ref name=".orgHistory"/>

[[John Jacob Astor]]'s [[American Fur Company]] was centered on Mackinac Island after the War of 1812 and exported [[beaver]] pelts for 30 years. By the middle of the nineteenth century, [[commercial fishing]] for [[Coregonus lavaretus|common whitefish]] and [[lake trout]] began to replace the fur trade as the island's primary industry. As [[sport fishing]] became more popular in the 1880s, hotels and restaurants accommodated tourists coming by train or lake boat from [[Detroit]].<ref name="High Cliffs"/>

Between 1795 and 1815, a network of [[Métis]] settlements and trading posts was established throughout what is now the U.S. states of Michigan and Wisconsin and to a lesser extent in Illinois and Indiana. As late as 1829, the [[Métis#Métis people in the United States|Métis]] were dominant in the economy of present-day Wisconsin and Northern Michigan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peterson and Brown |title=The New Peoples |pages=44–45}}</ref> Many Métis families are recorded in the U.S. Census for the historic Métis settlement areas along the [[Detroit River|Detroit]] and [[St. Clair River|St. Clair]] rivers, Mackinac Island and [[Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan]], as well as Green Bay in Wisconsin. Many prominent mixed-race families, such as the [[Elizabeth Bertrand Mitchell (Omagigiwikway)|Mitchell family]] of Mackinac, were formed in the late 18th- and early 19th-century fur trading era. The Métis have generally not organized as an ethnic or political group in the United States as they have in Canada, where they had armed confrontations in an effort to secure a homeland.

Mackinac Island’s second [[Masonic Lodge]] was Mackinac Lodge No. 71 F&AM (1853–1862). Mackinac #71 was granted dispensation in June 1853, and Chartered by the [[Grand Lodge of Michigan]] on 11 January 1855. Mackinac #71, a ‘moon lodge’<ref>The Moon and Masonry. Ancient Accepted
Scottish Rite: Valley of Boston. 2024. Available: https://www.scottishriteboston.net/en/article_view.php?news_id=1398 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311092242/https://www.scottishriteboston.net/en/article_view.php?news_id=1398 |date=March 11, 2024 }}</ref> held meetings in a rented Lodge Room on Monday evenings, on or next proceeding the full moon.<ref>Mackinac Herald (Mackinac, Mich.), Aug 1860.</ref> It boasted a membership of prominent community members, such as Dr. Joseph H. Bailey, Dr. John R. Bailey, [[Johnathan P. King|Jonathan P. King]], Bela J. Chapman, Reuben Chapman, [[Matthew Geary House|Mathew Geary]], John Biddle, and Ambrose R. Davenport. Some of the Lodge members were formerly associated with the local [[Sons of Temperance]] chapter, Mackinac Division No. 23 (1847–1851), with Wednesday weekly meetings held in a rented room in the Courthouse<ref>Mackinac County Courthouse. Available: https://www.mackinaccounty.net/county-information/courthouse/</ref> and in the [[Richard and Jane Manoogian Mackinac Art Museum|Indian Dormitory]].<ref>Opening May 30 on Mackinac Isle: Indian History told in Restored Dormitory. Petoskey News-Review (Petoskey, Mich.), 11 May 1966, p. 5.</ref> Mackinac Lodge #71 went inactive in 1860 as a result of rising pre-[[American Civil War]] tensions and a loss of membership to military enlistment, resulting in its charter being forfeited in 1862.<ref>Conover, Jefferson  S. Freemasonry in Michigan, Vol. 2, 1896, p. 524.|https://archive.org/details/Freemasonry_In_Michigan_Vol_Ii_-_Conover/mode/1up</ref> There was an attempt to revive Mackinac #71 after the Civil War in February 1871,<ref>Masonic: Annual Communication of the Grand Lodge of Michigan. Address by Grand Master [[John W. Champlin|J. W. Champlin]]. Detroit Free Press (Detroit, Mich.), 11 Jan 1872, p. 3.</ref> an effort led by two of the original Lodge members, Dr. John R. Bailey and John Biddle, however this action was unsuccessful. {{Relevance inline|paragraph|date=October 2024|discuss=Relevance of Freemasonry content?|reason=Undue weight given to this subject of Mackinac's history, making article bloated.}}

Following the Civil War, the island became a popular tourist destination for residents of major cities on the Great Lakes. Much of the federal land on Mackinac Island was designated as the second national park, spearheaded by the efforts of Dr. John R. Bailey, [[Mackinac National Park]], in 1875, three years after [[Yellowstone National Park]] was named as the first national park. This was thanks to U.S. Senator [[Thomas W. Ferry]], who was born on the Island and lobbied for the park.<ref>{{Cite web|title=April 15, 1875: Mackinac National Park becomes America's Second National Park {{!}} The Daily Dose|url=http://www.awb.com/dailydose/?p=2070|access-date=2021-03-30|language=en-US|archive-date=October 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018051716/https://www.awb.com/dailydose/?p=2070|url-status=dead}}</ref> To accommodate an influx of tourists in the 1880s, the boat and railroad companies built hotels, including the [[Grand Hotel (Mackinac Island)|Grand Hotel]]. Island residents established souvenir shops to profit from the tourist trade. Many wealthy [[business magnate]]s built summer "[[cottage]]s" along the island's bluffs for extended stays.

When the federal government left the island in 1895, it transferred all of the federal land, including Fort Mackinac, to the state of Michigan and this area was designated as Michigan's first state park. The Mackinac Island State Park Commission, appointed to oversee the island, has restricted private development in the park. Leaseholders are required to maintain the island's distinctive Victorian architecture.<ref name="Historic Treasure">{{cite web |last=Petersen |first=Eugene T |title=A Historic Treasure Preserved |publisher=Mackinac.com |url=http://www.mackinac.com/content/general/history_nocars.html |access-date=March 5, 2007 |archive-date=March 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301072658/http://mackinac.com/content/general/history_nocars.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Victorian Era">{{cite web |last=Petersen |first=Eugene T |title=The Victorian Era: A Resort Meca |publisher=Mackinac.com |url=http://www.mackinac.com/content/general/history_victorian.html |access-date=March 5, 2007 |archive-date=March 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301072651/http://mackinac.com/content/general/history_victorian.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Motor vehicle]]s were restricted at the end of the nineteenth century because of concerns for the health and safety of the island's residents and horses after local carriage drivers complained that automobiles startled their horses. This ban continues to the present, with exceptions only for city emergency vehicles (ambulance, police cars and fire trucks), city service vehicles, state park vehicles, and snowmobiles in winter.<ref name=".orgHistory"/><ref name="fact sheet">{{cite web|last=Slevin |first=Mary McGuire |title=Mackinac Island Fact Sheet |publisher=Mackinac Island Tourism Bureau |url=http://www.mackinacisland.org/pdfs/mackinacislandfactsheet.pdf |access-date=March 5, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529014639/http://www.mackinacisland.org/pdfs/mackinacislandfactsheet.pdf |archive-date=May 29, 2008 }}</ref> Thus, some controversy ensued in 2019 when Vice President [[Mike Pence]] was permitted to bring a motorcade to the island.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Swales |first1=Vanessa |title=A Motorcade on Mackinac Island? Pence's Visit Breaks a Long Tradition |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/22/us/mackinac-pence-motorcade.html |website=The New York Times |date=September 22, 2019|access-date=September 23, 2019}}</ref>