Editing Lusitania (section)

== Roman province ==
=== Territory ===
==== Under Augustus ====
With Lusitania (and [[Asturia]] and [[Gallaecia]]), Rome had completed the conquest of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], which was then divided by [[Augustus]] (25–20 BC<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theancientweb.com/explore/europe/portugal/ | title=The Ancient Lusitanian World | access-date=25 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708102459/https://theancientweb.com/explore/europe/portugal/ | archive-date=8 July 2019 | url-status=dead }}</ref> or 16–13 BC<ref name="hdp"/>) into the eastern and northern ''[[Hispania Tarraconensis]],'' the southwestern ''[[Hispania Baetica]]'' and the western ''[[Provincia Lusitana]]''. Originally, Lusitania included the territories of Asturia and Gallaecia, but these were later ceded to the jurisdiction of the new ''[[Provincia Tarraconensis]]'' and the former remained as ''Provincia Lusitania et [[Vettones]]''. Its northern border was along the Douro River, while on its eastern side its border passed through ''[[Salmantica]]'' ([[Salamanca]]) and ''[[Caesarobriga]]'' ([[Talavera de la Reina]]) to the ''[[Anas]]'' ([[Guadiana]]) river.

Between 28 and 24 BC Augustus' military campaigns pacified all Hispania under Roman rule, with the foundation of Roman cities like ''[[Asturica Augusta]]'' ([[Astorga, Spain|Astorga]]) and ''[[Bracara Augusta]]'' ([[Braga]]) to the north, and to the south ''[[Emerita Augusta]]'' ([[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]]) (settled with the [[emeriti]] of the [[Legio V Alaudae]] and [[Legio X Gemina]] [[Roman legion|legions]]).

==== ''Conventus Iuridicus'' ====
Between the time of [[Augustus]] and [[Claudius]], the province was divided into three [[conventus iuridicus]], territorial units presided by capital cities with a court of justice and joint Roman/indigenous people assemblies (conventus), that counseled the Governor:

*''[[Conventus Emeritensis]]'', with capital in ''[[Emerita Augusta]]'' ([[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]], Spain)
*''[[Conventus Scalabitanus]]'', with capital in [[Scalabis|''Scalabis Iulia'']] ([[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]], Portugal)
*''[[Conventus Pacensis]]'', with capital in [[Pax Julia|''Pax Iulia'']] ([[Beja (Portugal)|Beja]], Portugal)

The ''conventus'' ruled of a total of forty-six populis. Five were [[Colonia (Roman)|Roman colonies]]:<ref>{{Cite book |last=García y Bellido |first=Antonio |url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/descargaPdf/las-colonias-romanas-de-la-provincia-lusitania-0 |title=Las colonias romanas de la provincia Lusitania |publisher=Gabinete de Antigüedades de la Real Academia de la Historia |year=1958 |access-date=2023-06-01 |archive-date=2023-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601191931/https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/descargaPdf/las-colonias-romanas-de-la-provincia-lusitania-0 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Emerita Augusta]]'' ([[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]], Spain), ''[[Pax Iulia]]'' ([[Beja (Portugal)|Beja]]), ''[[Scalabis]]'' ([[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]]), ''[[Norba Caesarina]]'' ([[Cáceres, Spain|Cáceres]]) and ''[[Metellinum]]'' ([[Medellín, Spain|Medellín]]). ''[[Felicitas Iulia Olisipo]]'' ([[Lisbon]], which was a [[Roman law]] municipality) and three other towns had the old Latin status:<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JZLW4-wba7UC&q=lusitania+coloniae&pg=PA456 | title = The Cambridge Ancient History | isbn = 9780521264303 | last1 = Bowman | first1 = Alan K | last2 = Champlin | first2 = Edward | last3 = Lintott | first3 = Andrew | date = 1996-02-08| publisher = Cambridge University Press }}</ref> ''[[Ebora]]'' ([[Évora]]), ''[[Myrtilis Iulia]]'' ([[Mértola]]) and ''Salacia'' ([[Alcácer do Sal]]). The other thirty-seven were of ''[[stipendiarii]]'' class, among which ''[[Aeminium]]'' ([[Coimbra]]), [[Balsa (Roman town)|''Balsa'']] ([[Tavira]]), or [[Miróbriga|''Mirobriga'']] ([[Santiago do Cacém]]). Other cities include [[Ossonoba (Roman city)|''Ossonoba'']] ([[Faro, Portugal|Faro]]), ''[[Cetobriga]]'' ([[Setúbal]]), ''[[Collippo]]'' ([[Leiria]]) or [[Arabriga (Roman city)|''Arabriga'']] ([[Alenquer Municipality, Portugal|Alenquer]]).

==== Under Diocletian ====
Under [[Diocletian]], Lusitania kept its borders and was ruled by a ''[[praeses]]'', later by a ''[[consularis]].''

==== Roman diocese ====
Finally, in 298 AD, Lusitania was united with the other provinces to form the ''[[Diocesis Hispaniarum]]'' ("[[Roman diocese|Diocese]] of the Hispanias").
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Lusitania province territory ">
File:Hispania 2a division provincial.svg|Roman Hispania under [[Augustus]]: ''[[Hispania Tarraconensis|Tarraconensis]],''  ''[[Hispania Baetica|Baetica]]'' and  ''Lusitana''
File:Conventushispanus.svg|Roman Hispania after [[Claudius]]: [[Conventus iuridicus|''Conventus juridici'']] (''Emeritensis,''  ''Scalabitanus'' and  ''Pacensis)''
File:Iberia 293.svg|Roman Hispania under [[Diocletian]]:  Lusitania found in the west
File:Roman Empire with dioceses in 300 AD.png|Roman Empire in 300 AD: ''[[Diocesis Hispaniarum]]'' in the west
</gallery>

=== Known governors ===

==== 1st century BC ====
* Quintus Acutius Faienanus, ''[[legatus Augusti pro praetore]],'' 19 – 1 BC.<ref>[[Géza Alföldy]], ''Fasti Hispanienses'', Steiner, Wiesbaden (1969).</ref>
* Quintus Articuleius Regulus, 2 BC – AD 14.<ref>{{cite thesis|type=PhD|author=Thomas Elliott|title=Epigraphic Evidence for Boundary Disputes in the Roman Empire|year=2004|publisher=University of North Carolina|pages=63f}}</ref>

==== 1st century ====
* [[Gaius Ummidius Durmius Quadratus]], c. 37<ref>{{CIL|2|172}} = ILS&nbsp;190</ref>
* Lucius Caecilius Rufus, early 1st century<ref>{{cite web|last=Abascal|first=J. M.|title=Lucius Caecilius Rufus|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23208/lucius-caecilius-rufus|work=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|access-date=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406144132/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23208/lucius-caecilius-rufus|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Lucius Calventius Vetus Carminius]], ''legatus Augusti pro praetore,'' 44 – 45<ref>''Der Neue Pauly'', Stuttgart 1999, T. 2, c. 951-992</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Abascal|first=J. M.|title=Lucius Calventius Vetus Carminius|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23209/lucius-calventius-vetus-carminius|work=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|access-date=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405085126/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23209/lucius-calventius-vetus-carminius|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[Marcus?] [Porcius?] Cato, c. 46 <ref>{{cite web|last=Abascal|first=J. M.|title=[Marcus?] Porcius?] Cato|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23218/marcus-porcius-cato|work=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|access-date=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405235405/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23218/marcus-porcius-cato|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[File:Oth001 cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Otho|Marcus Salvius Otho Caesar Augustus]], governor of Lusitania between 58 and 68.]][[Otho|Marcus Salvius Otho Caesar Augustus]], 58 – 68<ref name="Suetonius">{{cite book|last=Suetonius|title=The Twelve Caesars|date=25 October 2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-045516-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/twelvecaesarspen00suet/page/255 255–262]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/twelvecaesarspen00suet/page/255}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Abascal|first=J. M.|title=Otón|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/17054/oton|work=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|access-date=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608025712/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/17054/oton|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Gaius Catellius Celer]], 75/76 – 77/78<ref>Unless otherwise noted, the governors from 75 to the end of Hadrian's reign are taken from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", ''[[Chiron (journal)|Chiron]]'', '''12''' (1982), pp.&nbsp;281-362; '''13''' (1983), pp.&nbsp;147-237.</ref>
* Quintus Acutius Faienanus, 78 – 119<ref>{{cite web|last=Abascal|first=J. M.|title=Quintus Acutius Faienanus|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23203/quintus-acutius-faienanus|work=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|access-date=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405085130/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23203/quintus-acutius-faienanus|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 2nd century ====
* ? [[Gaius Calpurnius Flaccus]],  119/120 – 120/121
* [[Gaius Oppius Sabinus Julius Nepos Manius Vibius Sollemnis Severus]], 128 – 130<ref>{{cite web|last=Abascal|first=J. M.|title=Caius Oppius Sabinus|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23229/caius-oppius-sabinus|work=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|access-date=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406121834/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23229/caius-oppius-sabinus|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Lucius Roscius Maecius Celer Postumus Mamilianus Vergilius Staberianus, under Hadrian
* [[Gaius Javolenus Calvinus]], 138 – 140<ref name="Alföldy-256">Géza Alföldy, ''Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen'' (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), p.&nbsp;256</ref>
* [Aulus Avillius Urina]tius Quadratus, c.151 – c.154<ref name="Alföldy-256" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Abascal|first=J. M.|title=Quadratus|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23207/quadratus|work=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|access-date=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405235404/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23207/quadratus|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sextus Tigidius Perennis, before 185<ref>{{cite web|last=Abascal|first=J. M.|title=Sextus Tigidius Perennis|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23222/sextus-tigidius-perennis|work=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|access-date=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327131250/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23222/sextus-tigidius-perennis|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ? [[Cornelius Repentinus]], c.185 – c.188<ref name="Leunissen-290">Leunissen, ''Konsuln und Konsulare'', p.&nbsp;290</ref>
* [[Publius Septimius Geta (brother of Septimius Severus)|Publius Septimius Geta]],  c.188 – c.191<ref name="Leunissen-289">Paul Leunissen, ''Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander'' (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), p.&nbsp;289</ref>
* [[Gaius Caesonius Macer Rufinianus]], 193/194 – 197<ref name="Leunissen-289" />
* [[Gaius Junius Faustinus Postumianus|Gaius Junius Faustinus [Pl]a[cidus] Postumianus]], c.197 – c.200<ref name="Leunissen-289" />

==== 3rd century ====
* Decimus Iun[ius? ...] Coelianus,  c.201 – 209<ref name="Leunissen-289" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Abascal|first=J. M.|title=Decimus Iunius Coelianus|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23215/decimus-iunius-coelianus|work=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|access-date=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603110056/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23215/decimus-iunius-coelianus|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sextus Furnius Julianus, c.211<ref name="Leunissen-289" /><ref name="leunissen-289">Paul Leunissen, ''Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander'' (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), p.&nbsp;289.</ref>
* [[Rutilius Pudens Crispinus]], c.225 – c.227<ref name="Leunissen-290" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Abascal|first=J. M.|title=Rutilus Pudens Crispinus|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23192/rutilus-pudens-crispinus|work=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|access-date=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926125228/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23192/rutilus-pudens-crispinus|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Aemilius Aemilianus, late 3rd century<ref>{{cite web|last=Abascal|first=J. M.|title=Aemilius Aemilianus|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23204/aemilius-aemilianus|work=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|access-date=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406125131/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23204/aemilius-aemilianus|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Datianus, 286 – 293<ref>{{cite web|last=Abascal|first=J. M.|title=Datianus|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23191/datianus|work=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|access-date=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406061652/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23191/datianus|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 4th century ====
* Iulius Saturninus, c.337 – c. 340<ref>{{cite web|last=Abascal|first=J. M.|title=Iulius Saturninus|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23214/iulius-saturninus|work=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|access-date=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406094136/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23214/iulius-saturninus|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Vettius Agorius Praetextatus]],  361– 362<ref>{{cite web|last=Abascal|first=J. M.|title=Vettius Agorius Praetextatus|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23223/vettius-agorius-praetextatus|work=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|access-date=2023-06-01|archive-date=2023-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601191411/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/23223/vettius-agorius-praetextatus|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Coloniae'' and ''Municipia''===
{{Location map many
| Iberia
| width = 480
| caption = Map of ''Coloniae'' and ''Municipia''|alt=Map of 'Coloniae'' and ''Municipia''
| places  =
| label1  = Augusta Emerita		            |coordinates1={{coord|38|55|N|6|20|W}}     |pos1 = left
| label2  = Metellinum						|coordinates2={{coord|38|57|47|N|5|57|28|W}}|
| label3  = Norba Caesarina 				|coordinates3={{coord|39|29|N|6|22|W}}     |pos3 = left
| label4  = Pax Julia			            |coordinates4={{coord|38.0178|N|7.8653|W}} |pos4 = bottom
| label5  = Scalabis                        |coordinates5={{coord|39|14|02|N|08|41|10|W}}|pos5 = top
| label6  = Caesarobriga					|coordinates6={{coord|39|57|30|N|4|49|58|W}}|
| label7  = Aeminium						|coordinates7={{coord|40|12|40|N|8|25|45|W}}|pos7 = top
| label8  = Conimbriga						|coordinates8={{coord|40|5|58|N|8|29|26|W}} |pos8 = bottom
| label9  = Salmantica						|coordinates9={{Coord|40|57|54|N|05|39|51|W}}|
| label10  = Caurium						|coordinates10={{Coord|39.981944|-6.537222}} |pos10 = bottom
| label11  = Turgalium						|coordinates11={{coord|39|27|55|N|5|52|44|W}}|
| label12  = Capara					        |coordinates12={{coord|40.1666|N|6.1010|W}}  |pos12 = top
| label13  = Olisipo						|coordinates13={{coord|38.7122204|-9.133973}}|pos13 = bottom
| label14  = Egitania			            |coordinates14={{coord|39.997|N|7.144|W|}}   |pos14 = top
| label15  = Regina Turdulorum				|coordinates15={{coord|38|12|8|N|5|58|11|W}} |pos15 = bottom
| label16  = Lacobriga						|coordinates16={{coord|37|6|10|N|8|40|22|W}}|
| label17  = Augustobriga                   |coordinates17={{coord|39|48|18|N|5|24|25|W}}|

}}

* ''Colonia [[Emerita Augusta|Augusta Emerita]]'' ([[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]]) - provincial capital, {{coord|38|55|N|6|20|W|display=inline|name=Colonia Augusta Emerita}}
* ''Colonia [[Metellinum]]'' ([[Medellín, Spain|Medellín]]), {{coord|38|57|47|N|5|57|28|W|display=inline|name=Colonia Metellinum}}
* ''Colonia [[Norba Caesarina]]'' ([[Cáceres, Spain|Cáceres]]), {{coord|39|29|N|6|22|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline|name=Colonia Norba Caesarina}}
* ''Colonia [[Pax Julia|Civitas Pacensis]]'' ([[Beja, Portugal|Beja]]), {{coord|38.0178|N|7.8653|W|source:wikidata|display=inline|name=Colonia Civitas Pacensis}}
* ''Colonia [[Scalabis|Scalabis Praesidium Iulium]]'' ([[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]]), {{coord|39|14|02|N|08|41|10|W|type:adm1st_region:PT_dim:100000|display=inline|name=Colonia Scalabis Praesidium Iulium}}
* ''Municipium [[Caesarobriga]]'' ([[Talavera de la Reina]]), {{coord|39|57|30|N|4|49|58|W|region:ES|display=inline|name=Municipium Caesarobriga}}
* ''Municipium [[Talavera la Vieja|Augustobriga]]'' ([[List of submerged places in Spain#Submerged villages and municipalities|Talavera la Vieja]]), {{coord|39|48|18|N|5|24|25|W|display=inline|name=Municipium Augustobriga}}
* ''Municipium [[Aeminium]]'' ([[Coimbra]]), {{coord|40|12|40|N|8|25|45|W|type:adm1st_region:PT_dim:100000|display=inline|name=Municipium Aeminium}}
* ''Municipium [[Conímbriga]]'' ([[Condeixa-a-Nova]]), {{coord|40|5|58|N|8|29|26|W|display=inline|name=Municipium Conímbriga}}
* ''Municipium [[Salmantica]]'' ([[Salamanca]]), {{Coord|40|57|54|N|05|39|51|W|region:ES|display=inline|name=Municipium Salmantica}}
* ''Municipium [[Caurium]]'' ([[Coria, Cáceres|Coria]]), {{Coord|39.981944|-6.537222|display=inline|name=Municipium Caurium}}
* ''Municipium [[Turgalium]]'' ([[Trujillo, Cáceres|Trujillo]]), {{coord|39|27|55|N|5|52|44|W|type:city|display=inline|name=Municipium Turgalium}}
* ''Municipium [[Cáparra|Capara]]'' ([[Cáparra]]), {{coord|40.1666|N|6.1010|W|source:wikidata|display=inline|name=Municipium Capara}}
* ''Municipium [[Olisipo]]'' ([[Lisbon]]), {{coord|38.7122204|-9.1339731|scale:5000|format=dms|display=inline|name=Municipium Olisipo}}
* ''Municipium [[Egitania|Egitandiorum]]'' ([[Idanha-a-Velha]]), {{coord|39.997|N|7.144|W|source:ptwiki|display=inline|name=Municipium Egitandiorum}}
* ''Municipium [[Regina Turdulorum]]'' ([[Casas de Reina]]), {{coord|38|12|8|N|5|58|11|W|region:ES|display=inline|name=Municipium Regina Turdulorum}}
* ''Municipium [[Lacobriga]]'' ([[Lagos, Portugal|Lagos]]), {{coord|37|6|10|N|8|40|22|W|type:adm1st_region:PT_dim:100000|display=inline|name=Municipium Lacobriga}}
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Coloniae and Municipia image gallery">
File:Merida Roman Theatre2.jpg|[[Roman Theatre (Mérida)|Roman Theatre of ''Augusta Emerita'' (Mérida)]]
File:Teatro Romano de Medellín 23.jpg|Roman Theatre of ''[[Metellinum]]'' ([[Medellín, Spain|Medellín]])
File:Arco Romano.jpg|Roman arch of [[Pax Iulia|]]''[[Pax Julia|Pax Iulia]]'' ([[Beja, Portugal|Beja]])
File:Cryptoporticus of Aeminium - Museu Nacional de Machado de Castro - Coimbra, Portugal - DSC09856.jpg|[[Cryptoporticus]] of the ancient forum of ''[[Aeminium]]'' ([[Coimbra]])
File:Conimbriga.jpg|Ruins of [[Conímbriga|Conimbriga]]
File:Pont romain et cathédrales vieille et nouvelle de Salamanque (1967-08-07).jpg|Roman bridge of ''[[Salmantica]]'' ([[Salamanca]])
File:Coria - Murallas 1.jpg|[[Ancient Roman defensive walls|Roman walls]] of ''[[Caurium]]'' ([[Coria, Cáceres|Coria]])
File:Ciudad Romana de Caparra - 011 (30618914251).jpg|[[Forum (Roman)|Forum]] gate of ''[[Cáparra|Capara]]'' ([[Cáparra]])
File:Cerca Velha - Portas do Sol.JPG|Roman walls of ''[[Olisipo]]'' ([[Lisbon]])
File:Roman arch, Egitania, Idanha-a-Velha, Lusitania, Portugal (13249368064).jpg|Roman arch of ''[[Egitania|Egitandiorum]]'' ([[Idanha-a-Velha]]) 
</gallery>