Editing Lugus (section)

===Proper names===
The element "lug(u)-" appears frequently in Celtic proper names. In many of these cases, an etymology involving the deity-name Lugus has been proposed.<ref name=Evans/>{{rp|219}}<ref name=Hofeneder3/>{{rp|132}} Celtic personal names with this element include Lug, Lugaunus, Lugugenicus, [[Lugotorix]], Luguadicos, Luguselva, and Lougous.<ref name=Evans/>{{rp|220}} A number of cognate names are known from Irish [[Ogham inscription]]s, for example, Luga, Lugudecca (perhaps, "serving the god Lugus"<ref name=Matasović>{{cite book |first=Ranko |last=Matasović |title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic |url=https://archive.org/details/matasovic-etymological-dictionary-of-proto-celtic |volume=9 |location=Leiden / Boston |series=Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series |publisher=Brill |date=2009 }}</ref>{{rp|248}}), Luguqritt (perhaps, "poet like Lugus"<ref name=Zeidler/>{{rp|221}}), and Luguvvecca.<ref name=Evans/>{{rp|220}} Some ethnic names have been connected with Lugus, for example the [[Lugi]] in [[Scotland]]<ref name=Hofeneder3/>{{rp|58}} and the {{ill|Lugones (tribe)|gl|lt=Lugones}} in [[Asturias]].<ref name=Hofeneder3/>{{rp|63}} Place-names connected with Lugus include Lugii, Lougoi, Lougionon, Lugisonis, and Lugnesses.<ref name=Evans/>{{rp|221}} Lucus Augusti (modern-day [[Lugo]]) is the site of a Roman sanctuary with dedications to the Lugoves;<ref name=MarcoSimon/>{{rp|216}} its name may be derived from the deity-name Lugus, though it could simply be Latin for "grove of Augustus".<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/6505899 |title=The Place Names of Ancient Hispania and its Linguistic Layers |last=García Alonso |first=Juan Luis  |journal=Studia Celtica |pages=213–244 |volume=35 |date=2001 }}</ref>{{rp|219}} The name of [[Luguvalium]] (modern-day [[Carlisle]]) is sometimes glossed as "wall of Lugus", but may instead derive from a personal name.<ref name=MaierCaesar/>{{rp|fn 4}}<ref name=Hofeneder3/>{{rp|213}}

[[File:France map Lambert-93 topographic-ancient Roman roads.svg|thumb|[[Lugdunum]] (modern-day [[Lyon]]) at the heart of [[Roman Gaul]]]]

Since Arbois de Jubainville argued for the connection, the place-name "Lugdunum" has frequently been connected etymologically with Lugus. The most famous known by this name is [[Lugdunum]] (modern-day [[Lyon]]) in the region of [[Gallia Lugdunensis]],{{efn|1=The Roman province, which stretched from [[Saône]] to [[Brittany]], took its name from the city.<ref name=Whatmough/>{{rp|483}}}} a [[Roman colony]] and among the most important cities of Roman Gaul.<ref name=Lambert/>{{rp|244–245}} The etymology of this place-name has been the subject of much conjecture. Following Arbois de Jubainville, the most widely held hypothesis analyses the name as {{lang|xtg|Lugus}} + {{lang|xtg|dunum}} ("fort"),{{efn|1=Gaulish {{lang|xtg|dunun}} or {{lang|xtg|dunum}} has the meaning "'citadel, fortified enclosure, mount".<ref name=Delamarre>{{cite book|first=Xavier |last=Delamarre |title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental |date=2003 |location=Paris |edition=2nd |publisher=Éditions Errance }}</ref>{{rp|154–155}}}} that is, "the fortress of Lugus".<ref name=Evans/>{{rp|219–220}} Many other etymologies have been given.<ref name=Whatmough/>{{rp|483–484}} An ancient etymology derives it from a Gaulish word for raven.{{efn|1=This etymology, reported in the 2nd-century text ''[[De fluviis]]'', is given as part of a founding legend of Lugdunum/Lyon: two founders with Gaulish names observe ravens over a hill, and decide to found a city there, deriving its name from {{lang|xtg|lougos}} ("raven") + {{lang|xtg|dunun}} ("hill"). The gloss of {{lang|xtg|dunun}} is correct, but the supposed Gaulish word {{lang|xtg|lougos}} is a ''[[hapax legomenon]]'' and has no clear cognates in other Celtic languages, though Zeidler has proposed a derivation from proto-Indo-European.<ref name=Zeidler>{{cite journal |first=Jürgen |last=Zeidler|title=Review: Maier, Bernhard: ''Die Religion der Kelten''|volume=55 |issue=1 |date=2007 |pages=208–230 |doi=10.1515/ZCPH.2007.208 |journal=Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie }}</ref>{{rp|215–216}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Blom |first=Alderik H. |title=Endlicher's Glossary |journal=Études Celtiques |volume=37 |date=2011 |pages=159–181 |doi=10.3406/ecelt.2011.2332 }}</ref>{{rp|170}}}} Attempts have been made to analyse it as {{lang|xtg|*lugus}} ("luminous" or "clear") + {{lang|xtg|dunum}} ("hill"), bolstered by a medieval etymology which gives the gloss {{lang|la|mons lucidus}} ("shining mountain").<ref name=Hofeneder3>{{cite book |title=Die Religion der Kelten in den antiken literarischen Zeugnissen |volume=3 |last=Hofeneder |first=Andreas |date=2011 |location=Wien |publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |url=https://archive.org/details/9783700169970-gesamt-2 }}</ref>{{rp|131}}<ref name=Evans>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=D. Ellis |title=Gaulish Personal Names: A Study of Some Continental Celtic Formations |location= Oxford |publisher= Clarendon Press |date=1967}}</ref>{{rp|219–220}}

The place-name Lugdunum is attested, in its cognate forms, as the name of as many as twenty-seven locations.<ref name=Hofeneder3/>{{rp|132}}{{efn|1=[[Christian-Joseph Guyonvarc'h]] lists 27 places connected with this name. He classifies 20 as certain, 5 as probable, and 2 as doubtful.<ref name=Hofeneder3/>{{rp|132}} [[Alfred Holder]] gives a shorter list of 16 in his ''Alt-celtischer Sprachschatz''.<ref name=Lambert/>{{rp|244}}}} Apart from Lyon, there is Lugdunum Convenarum (modern-day [[Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges]]), [[Lugdunum Batavorum]] (near [[Leyden]]), Lugdunum Remorum (modern-day [[Laon]]), two Welsh places named Din Lleu (the order of the elements reversed),<ref name=Lambert>{{Cite book|last=Lambert|first=Pierre-Yves|title=New approaches to Celtic place-names in Ptolemy's Geography|date=2005 |location=Madrid|publisher=Ediciones Clásicas|isbn=978-8478825721|editor-last=de Hoz|editor-first=Javier|pages=215–251|chapter=The place names of Lugdunensis [Λουγδουνησία]|editor-last2=Luján|editor-first2=Eugenio R.|editor-last3=Sims-Williams|editor-first3=Patrick}}</ref>{{rp|244–245}} and two cities of unclear location in [[North East England]] and [[Germania Magna]].<ref name=Hofeneder3/>{{rp|509–510}} The wide range and abundance of these place-names has been used to argue for the importance of Lugus.<ref name=Ovist/>{{rp|355–356}} Whatever the etymology, not all of these place-names must owe themselves a Celtic root. Lugdunum/Lyon was a major city, and other locations may have borrowed the name. Some two-thirds of the cognate place-names are attested only from the 10th century on; we know that Lugdunum Remorum had an older, native name (Bibrax) which was displaced in the 6th century.<ref name=MaierCaesar/>{{rp|129–130}}