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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
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==Emigration to the United States== [[File:S.R. Crown Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Crown Hall]] at Illinois Institute of Technology]] Mies's first US commission was the interior of [[Philip Johnson]]'s New York apartment, in 1930.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.phaidon.com/agenda/architecture/articles/2020/march/11/philip-johnson-and-the-making-of-the-seagram-building/ | title=Philip Johnson and the making of the Seagram Building | architecture | Agenda | Phaidon }}</ref> Starting in 1930, Mies served as the last director of the faltering Bauhaus, at the request of his colleague and competitor Gropius. In 1932, the [[Nazis]] forced the state-sponsored school to leave its campus in Dessau, and Mies moved it to an abandoned telephone factory in Berlin. In April 1933, the school was raided by the [[Gestapo]], and in July of that year, because the Nazis had made the continued operation of the school untenable, Mies and the faculty "voted" to close the Bauhaus.{{cn|date=February 2024}}<ref>Way, L.B. (2000). ''The Bauhaus and its political presence in Germany prior to World War II.'' (Publication No. 1401744) [Master's thesis, California State University - Dominguez Hills]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. </ref> Some of Mies's designs found favour with [[Adolf Hitler]], such as his designs for [[autobahn]] service stations.<ref name="Spotts">{{cite book |last=Spotts |first=Frederic |author-link=Frederic Spotts |title=Hitler and the power of aesthetics |date=2009 |publisher=Overlook Press |location=Woodstock |isbn=9781590201787 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1Z1NwAACAAJ |access-date=27 February 2024 }}</ref>{{rp|319}} Mies and Gropius both joined the visual arts section of the Reich Culture Chamber and entered early Nazi architectural competitions, with designs showing structures decorated with swastikas.<ref name="Spotts"/>{{rp|340}} Mies's design for a Reich Bank building in Berlin was one of six to receive a prize, although it was rejected by Hitler. Mies and Gropius wanted to be accepted by the Nazis, and both signed an artists' manifesto supporting Hitler's succession to Hindenburg.<ref name="Spotts"/>{{rp|341}} Mies's Modernist designs of glass and steel were not considered suitable for state buildings by the Nazis, and in 1937<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dyckhoff |first=Tom |date=November 30, 2002 |title=Mies and the Nazis |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2002/nov/30/architecture.artsfeatures |access-date=June 30, 2023}}</ref> or 1938 he reluctantly followed Gropius to the United States.<ref name="Spotts"/>{{rp|341}} He accepted a residential commission in [[Wyoming]] and then an offer to head the department of architecture of the newly established [[Illinois Institute of Technology]] (IIT) in Chicago.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-opinion-flashback-mies-van-der-rohe-chicago-iit-20190920-2yixpj5f2zgphmisxndu7v3emq-story.html |title=Flashback: Mies van der Rohe profoundly reshaped Chicago's skyline with his structurally austere vision |last=Grossman |first=Ron |date=September 10, 2019 |publisher=Chicago Tribune |access-date=September 22, 2019}}</ref> Mies was allowed to combine ideological conviction with [[commerce]]. Already in 1919 he had drawn up plans for an office glass tower. In New York he found investors for the [[Seagram Building]], which was completed in 1958.
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