Editing Lucifer (section)

=== In the Bible ===
[[File:Lucifer Liege Luc Viatour new.jpg|thumb|''[[Le génie du mal]]'' (1848) by [[Guillaume Geefs]] ([[Liège Cathedral]]), known in English as ''The Genius of Evil, The Spirit of Evil, The Lucifer of Liège'', or simply ''Lucifer''.]]
In the [[Book of Isaiah]], [[Isaiah 14|chapter 14]], the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|king of Babylon]] is condemned in a [[Prophecy|prophetic vision]] by the prophet [[Isaiah]] and is called {{lang|he|הֵילֵל&nbsp;בֶּן-שָׁחַר}} ({{transliteration|he|Helel ben [[Shahar (god)|Shachar]]}}, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] for "shining one, son of the morning"),<ref name="Eerdmans">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22any+Canaanite+myth%22&pg=PA511 |first1=James D. G.|last1=Dunn |first2=John William|last2=Rogerson |title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible |isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0 |page=511 |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan|date=2003 |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref> who is addressed as {{lang|he|הילל בן שחר}} ({{transliteration|he|Hêlêl ben Šāḥar}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://interlinearbible.org/isaiah/14-12.htm |title=Isaiah 14 Biblos Interlinear Bible |publisher=Interlinearbible.org |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-date=13 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813202038/http://interlinearbible.org/isaiah/14-12.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wlc.hebrewtanakh.com/isaiah/14.htm |title=Isaiah 14 Hebrew OT: Westminster Leningrad Codex |publisher=Wlc.hebrewtanakh.com |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123173517/http://wlc.hebrewtanakh.com/isaiah/14.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Astronomy – Helel, Son of the Morning|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2052-astronomy|encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia|edition=1906|access-date=1 July 2012|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927075003/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2052-astronomy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wilken|first=Robert|title=Isaiah: Interpreted by Early Christian and Medieval Commentators|date=2007|publisher=Wm Eerdmans Publishing|location=Grand Rapids MI|isbn=978-0-8028-2581-0|pages=171}}</ref> The title {{transliteration|he|"Hêlêl ben Šāḥar"}} refers to the planet [[Venus]] as the morning star, and that is how the Hebrew word is usually interpreted.<ref name="MM-Isa14">{{cite web|title=Isaiah Chapter 14|url=http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1014.htm|website=mechon-mamre.org|publisher=The Mamre Institute|access-date=29 December 2014|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626222240/http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1014.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Gunkel expressly states that "the name Helel ben Shahar clearly states that it is a question of a nature myth. Morning Star, son of Dawn has a curious fate. He rushes gleaming up towards heaven, but never reaches the heights; the sunlight fades him away." ([https://archive.org/details/schpfungundchao01zimmgoog/page/n151 ''Schöpfung und Chaos'', p. 133])</ref> The Hebrew word transliterated as {{transliteration|he|Hêlêl}}<ref name="biblesuite">{{cite web | url=http://biblesuite.com/hebrew/heilel_1966.htm | title=Hebrew Concordance: hê·lêl – 1 Occurrence – Bible Suite | work=Bible Hub | publisher=Biblos.com | location=[[Leesburg, Florida]] | access-date=8 September 2013 | archive-date=26 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226034733/https://biblehub.com/hebrew/heilel_1966.htm%20 | url-status=live }}</ref> or {{transliteration|he|Heylel}},<ref name="H1966">{{Cite web |url=http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H1966&t=KJV |title=Strong's Concordance, H1966 |access-date=2012-06-27 |archive-date=2019-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118040624/http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H1966&t=KJV |url-status=live }}</ref> occurs only once in the [[Hebrew Bible]].<ref name="biblesuite" /> The [[Septuagint]] renders {{lang|he|הֵילֵל}} in [[Greek language|Greek]] as {{lang|grc|Ἑωσφόρος}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.septuagint.org/LXX/Isaiah/14 |title=LXX Isaiah 14 |publisher=Septuagint.org |access-date=22 December 2012 |language=el |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226034723/http://www.septuagint.org/LXX/Isaiah/14%20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bibledatabase.net/html/septuagint/23_014.htm |title=Greek OT (Septuagint/LXX): Isaiah 14 |publisher=Bibledatabase.net |access-date=22 December 2012 |language=el |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115082309/http://bibledatabase.net/html/septuagint/23_014.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sepd.biblos.com/isaiah/14.htm |title=LXX Isaiah 14 |publisher=Biblos.com |access-date=6 May 2013 |language=el |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226034745/https://biblehub.com/sepd/isaiah/14.htm%20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/sep/isa014.htm#012 |title=Septuagint Isaiah 14 |publisher=Sacred Texts |access-date=6 May 2013 |language=el |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226034720/http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/sep/isa014.htm#012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Isaiah&c=14&t=LXX |title=Greek Septuagint (LXX) Isaiah – Chapter 14 |publisher=Blue Letter Bible |access-date=6 May 2013 |language=el |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226034737/https://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/isa/14/1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{transliteration|grc|Heōsphoros}}),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4W5gzptzfxUC&q=heosphoros+septuagint&pg=136 |title=The Old Enemy: Satan and the Combat Myth |author=Neil Forsyth |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]| isbn=978-0-691-01474-6 |date=1989 |page=136 |access-date=22 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SD6-YKBqGr0C&q=heosphoros+septuagint&pg=PA35 |title=The Devil: What Does He Look Like? |author=Nwaocha Ogechukwu Friday |publisher=American Book Publishing |isbn=978-1-58982-662-5 |date=30 May 2012 |page=35 |access-date=22 December 2012}}</ref> "bringer of dawn", the [[Ancient Greek]] name for the morning star.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Bernard A.; with word definitions by J. Lust|title=Analytical lexicon to the Septuagint|date=2009|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers, Inc.|location=Peabody, Mass.|isbn=978-1-56563-516-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNaDupoSycMC&q=%E1%BC%91%CF%89%CF%83%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82&pg=256|edition=Expanded|author2=Eynikel, E.|author3=Hauspie, K.|page=256|access-date=2020-11-15|archive-date=2020-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212182108/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNaDupoSycMC&q=%E1%BC%91%CF%89%CF%83%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82&pg=256|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Is this comment worth keeping, especially in the lead? (In spite of the unanimous testimony of published texts of the Septuagint, [[Kaufmann Kohler]] says that the Greek Septuagint translation is "[[Phosphorus (morning star)|Phosphoros]]".)<ref name=Kohler1923/> --> Similarly the [[Vulgate]] renders {{lang|he|הֵילֵל}} in [[Latin]] as {{lang |la |Lucifer}}, the name in that language for the morning star. According to the [[King James Bible]]-based [[Strong's Concordance]], the original Hebrew word means "shining one, light-bearer", and the English translation given in the King James text is the Latin name for the planet Venus, "Lucifer",<ref name="H1966" /> as it was already in the [[Wycliffe Bible]].

However, the translation of {{lang|he|הֵילֵל}} as "Lucifer" has been abandoned in modern English translations of Isaiah 14:12. Present-day translations render {{lang|he|הֵילֵל}} as "morning star" ([[New International Version]], [[New Century Version]], [[New American Standard Bible]], [[Good News Bible|Good News Translation]], [[Holman Christian Standard Bible]], [[Contemporary English Version]], [[Common English Bible]], [[Messianic Bible translations|Complete Jewish Bible]]), "daystar" ([[New Jerusalem Bible]], [[The Message (Bible)|The Message]]), "Day Star" ([[New Revised Standard Version]], [[English Standard Version]]), "shining one" ([[New Life Version]], [[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures|New World Translation]], [[JPS Tanakh]]), or "shining star" ([[New Living Translation]]).

In a modern translation from the original Hebrew, the passage in which the phrase "Lucifer" or "morning star" occurs begins with the statement: "On the day the Lord gives you relief from your suffering and turmoil and from the harsh labour forced on you, you will take up this taunt against the king of Babylon: How the oppressor has come to an end! How his fury has ended!"<ref>{{bibleverse|Isaiah|14:3–4|NIV}}</ref> After describing the death of the king, the taunt continues:

{{blockquote|How you have fallen from heaven, ''morning star'', son of the dawn! You have been cast down to the earth, you who once laid low the nations! You said in your heart, "I will ascend to the heavens; I will raise my throne above the stars of God; I will sit enthroned on the mount of assembly, on the utmost heights of [[Mount Aqraa|Mount Zaphon]]. I will ascend above the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High." But you are brought down to the realm of the dead, to the depths of the pit. Those who see you stare at you, they ponder your fate: "Is this the man who shook the earth and made kingdoms tremble, the man who made the world a wilderness, who overthrew its cities and would not let his captives go home?"<ref>{{bibleverse|Isaiah|14:12–17|NIV}}</ref>}}

For the unnamed "king of Babylon",<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yf-BVeN6TbIC&q=Dempsey+%22king+remains+obscure%22&pg=PA34 |title=Isaiah: God's Poet of Light |author=Carol J. Dempsey |publisher=Chalice Press |page=34 |isbn=978-0-8272-1630-3 |date=2010 |access-date=22 December 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054411/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yf-BVeN6TbIC&q=Dempsey%20%22king%20remains%20obscure%22&pg=PA34 |url-status=live }}</ref> a wide range of identifications have been proposed.<ref name="Manley">{{cite book|editor-last=Manley|editor-first=Johanna|title=Isaiah through the Ages|date=1995|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|location=Menlo Park, Calif.|isbn=978-0-9622536-3-8|pages=259–260|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y17fkvqXOBcC&q=manley+%22assyrian+rather+than+a+Babylonian%22&pg=PA260|access-date=22 December 2012|archive-date=2022-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054402/https://books.google.com/books?id=y17fkvqXOBcC&q=manley%20%22assyrian%20rather%20than%20a%20Babylonian%22&pg=PA260|url-status=live}}</ref> They include a [[Babylonia#Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Empire)|Babylonian]] ruler of the prophet [[Isaiah]]'s own time,<ref name=Manley/> the later [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], under whom the [[Babylonian captivity]] of the Jews began,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Breslauer|editor-first=S. Daniel|title=The seductiveness of Jewish myth : challenge or response?|url=https://archive.org/details/seductivenessjew00bres|url-access=limited|date=1997|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=0-7914-3602-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/seductivenessjew00bres/page/n280 280]}}</ref> or [[Nabonidus]],<ref name=Manley/><ref name="Melugin">{{cite book|author=Roy F. Melugin|title=New Visions of Isaiah|date=1996|publisher=Continuum International|location=Sheffield|isbn=978-1-85075-584-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wA_odaujfPMC&q=%22specific+ruler+of+Babylon%22&pg=PA116|author2=Marvin Alan Sweeney|access-date=22 December 2012|page=116|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054414/https://books.google.com/books?id=wA_odaujfPMC&q=%22specific+ruler+of+Babylon%22&pg=PA116|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]] kings [[Tiglath-Pileser III|Tiglath-Pileser]], [[Sargon II]] and [[Sennacherib]].<ref name="Laney">{{cite book|last=Laney|first=J. Carl|title=Answers to Tough Questions from Every Book of the Bible|date=1997|publisher=Kregel Publications|location=Grand Rapids, MI|isbn=978-0-8254-3094-7|page=127|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIWn6lYS-MQC&q=Laney+%22king+of+babylon++mentioned%22&pg=PA127|access-date=22 December 2012|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165712/https://books.google.com/books?id=sIWn6lYS-MQC&q=Laney+%22king+of+babylon++mentioned%22&pg=PA127|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Doorly|first=William J.|title=Isaiah of Jerusalem|date=1992|publisher=Paulist Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8091-3337-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPGVPbOXbccC&q=Doorly+%22identification+of+the+king%22&pg=PA93|access-date=22 December 2012|page=93|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407215810/https://books.google.com/books?id=oPGVPbOXbccC&q=Doorly+%22identification+of+the+king%22&pg=PA93|url-status=live}}</ref> Verse 20 says that this king of Babylon will not be "joined with them [all the kings of the nations] in burial, because thou hast destroyed thy land, thou hast slain thy people; the seed of evil-doers shall not be named for ever", but rather be cast out of the grave, while "All the kings of the nations, all of them, sleep in glory, every one in his own house."<ref name="MM-Isa14"/><ref>Isaiah 14:18</ref> Herbert Wolf held that the "king of Babylon" was not a specific ruler but a generic representation of the whole line of rulers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wolf|first=Herbert M.|title=Interpreting Isaiah: The Suffering and Glory of the Messiah|date=1985|publisher=Academie Books|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|isbn=978-0-310-39061-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ6YdyS_ATEC&q=herbert+wolf+%22refer+to+a+specific+ruler%22&pg=PA112|page=112|access-date=2020-11-15|archive-date=2022-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054404/https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ6YdyS_ATEC&q=herbert+wolf+%22refer+to+a+specific+ruler%22&pg=PA112|url-status=live}}</ref>

Isaiah 14:12 became a source for the popular conception of the [[fallen angel]] motif.<ref>{{cite book|last=Herzog|first=Schaff-|title=The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Thought: Chamier-Draendorf|date=1909|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls Co.|location=USA|isbn=1-4286-3183-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lCc4MjCe7B4C&q=heylel&pg=PA400|edition=Volume 3|editor=Samuel MacAuley Jackson|editor2=Charles Colebrook Sherman|editor3=George William Gilmore|page=[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc03/Page_400.html 400]|quote=Heylel (Isa. xiv. 12), the "day star, fallen from heaven," is interesting as an early instance of what, especially in pseudepigraphic literature, became a dominant conception, that of fallen angels.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Rabbinical Judaism|Rabbinic Judaism]] has rejected any belief in rebel or fallen angels.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bamberger|first=Bernard J.|title=Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm|date=2006|publisher=Jewish Publ. Soc. of America|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=0-8276-0797-0|edition=1. paperback|pages=148, 149}}</ref> In the 11th century, the ''[[Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer]]'' illustrates the origin of the "fallen angel myth" by giving two accounts, one relates to the angel in the [[Garden of Eden]] who seduces Eve, and the other relates to the angels, the {{transliteration|he|[[Sons of God|benei elohim]]}} who cohabit with the daughters of man ([[Genesis 6]]:1–4).<ref>Adelman, Rachel (2009). pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7Ue5kAkw20C&pg=PA62&dq=%22+Book+of+Enoch%22 61–62].</ref> An association of Isaiah 14:12–18 with a [[Evil#Christianity|personification of evil]], called the [[devil]], developed outside of mainstream Rabbinic Judaism in pseudepigrapha,<ref>[https://archive.org/details/the-jewish-encyclopedia-vol.-8/page/203/mode/2up?view=theater 'The Jewish Encyclopedia', Volume VIII, p. 204, Funk & Wagnalls, London, 1912.]</ref> and later in Christian writings,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC&q=Origen+name+Lucifer&pg=PA199 |author=David L. Jeffrey |title=A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature |isbn=978-0-8028-3634-2 |page=199 |publisher=Eerdmans |date=1992 |access-date=23 December 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054410/https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC&q=Origen+name+Lucifer&pg=PA199 |url-status=live }}</ref> particularly with the [[apocalypse]]s.<ref name="ODJR">{{cite book |editor-first=Adele |editor-last=Berlin |editor-link=Adele Berlin |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&q=%22expanded+role%22 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=651&dq=%22cast+out+of+heaven+as+a+fallen+angel+(a+misinterpretation+of+Is.%22 651] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-973004-9 |quote=The notion of Satan as the opponent of God and the chief evil figure in a panoply of demons seems to emerge in the Pseudepigrapha ... Satan's expanded role describes him as ... cast out of heaven as a fallen angel (a misinterpretation of ''Is'' 14.12)." |access-date=2020-11-15 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516054406/https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&q=%22expanded+role%22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Lucifer from Petrus de Plasiis Divine Comedy 1491.png|thumb|right|Illustration of Lucifer in the first fully illustrated print edition of [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. [[Woodcut]] for ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', canto 33. Pietro di Piasi, Venice, 1491.]]
The [[metaphor]] of the morning star that Isaiah 14:12 applied to a king of Babylon gave rise to the general use of the Latin word for "morning star", capitalized, as the original name of the devil before his fall from grace, linking Isaiah 14:12 with [[Luke 10]] ("I saw [[Satan]] fall like lightning from heaven")<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|10:18|NIV}}</ref> and interpreting the passage in Isaiah as an allegory of Satan's fall from heaven.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr |url-access=registration |quote=name Lucifer was born -magazine. |title=The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories |isbn=978-0-87779-603-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr/page/280 280] |publisher=Merriam-Webster |date=1991 |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5-pmLBcw44C&q=%22the+name+Lucifer+was+given%22&pg=PA57 |author=Harold Bloom |title=Satan |publisher=Infobase Publishing |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-7910-8386-4 |page=57 |access-date=23 December 2012 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921023616/https://books.google.com/books?id=X5-pmLBcw44C&q=%22the+name+lucifer+was+given%22&pg=PA57 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Considering [[pride]] as a [[seven deadly sins|major sin]] peaking in self-[[deification]], Lucifer ({{transliteration|he|Hêlêl}}) became the template for the devil.<ref>Litwa, M. David (2016). Desiring Divinity: Self-deification in Early Jewish and Christian Mythmaking. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-046717-3. p. 46</ref> As a result, Lucifer was identified with the devil in Christianity and in Christian popular literature,<ref name=Kohler1923/> as in [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', [[Joost van den Vondel]]'s ''Lucifer'', and [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]''.<ref name="Adelman">{{cite book|last=Adelman|first=Rachel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7Ue5kAkw20C|title=The Return of the Repressed: Pirqe De-Rabbi Eliezer and the Pseudepigrapha|date=2009|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|isbn=978-90-04-17049-0|location=[[Leiden]]|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7Ue5kAkw20C&pg=PA67&dq=heosphoros+%22Dante+and+Milton%22 67]}}</ref><ref name=reign>{{cite web|url=https://oll.libertyfund.org/quotes/john-milton-satan-reign|website=libertyfund.org|title=John Milton on Satan's Reign in Hell|quote=“Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven”}}</ref>  Early medieval Christianity fairly distinguished between Lucifer and Satan. While Lucifer, as the devil, is fixated in [[hell]], Satan executes the desires of Lucifer as his vassal.<ref>Jeffrey Burton Russell: Biographie des Teufels: das radikal Böse und die Macht des Guten in der Welt. Böhlau Verlag Wien, 2000, retrieved 19 October 2020.</ref><ref>Dendle, Peter (2001). Satan Unbound: The Devil in Old English Narrative Literature. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8369-2.p. 10</ref>