Editing Lublin (section)

===World War II===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-013-0068-18A, Polen, Treffen deutscher und sowjetischer Soldaten.jpg|thumb|German and Soviet troops in Lublin during the invasion of Poland in September 1939]]
In early September 1939, during the joint German-Soviet [[invasion of Poland]], which started [[World War II]], the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish [[gold reserve]] from Warsaw to Lublin, and then further east to [[Łuck]],<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Wróbel|first=Janusz|year=2002|title=Wojenne losy polskiego złota|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|issue=8-9 (19-20)|page=56|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> before the city was [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied by Germany]], and found itself in the newly formed [[General Government]] territory. The Polish population became a target of severe Nazi persecutions focusing on [[intelligentsia]] and Polish Jews. In November 1939, during the ''[[Intelligenzaktion]]'', the Germans carried out mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, including teachers, judges, lawyers, engineers, priests, lecturers of the local theological seminary, and lecturers and students of the [[Catholic University of Lublin]],<ref name=mw247>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=247}}</ref> which the occupiers closed down.<ref name=mw247/> Arrested Poles were held in a prison established in the Lublin Castle, and many were afterwards deported to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]].<ref name=mw247/>

On 23–25 December 1939, the Germans carried out massacres of 31 Poles in several locations in Lublin.<ref name=mw248>Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 247–248</ref> Among the victims were lawyers, professors, school principals, [[starost]]s of [[Lublin County|Lublin]] and [[Lubartów County|Lubartów]] counties and other well-known and respected citizens of the region.<ref name=mw248/> In January and February 1940, the occupiers arrested 23 [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin friars]] and 43 [[Jesuit]] friars.<ref>Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 248</ref> Persecution of Polish intelligentsia was continued with the ''[[German AB-Aktion in Poland|AB-Aktion]]''. On 24 June 1940, the Germans carried out mass arrests of over 800 Poles in Lublin, who were then imprisoned in the castle, along with dozens of Poles who were arrested at the same time in other towns in the region, including [[Biała Podlaska]], [[Chełm]], [[Puławy]].<ref name=mw264>Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 264–265</ref> Many of the prisoners were then deported to the [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp|Sachsenhausen]] and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] concentration camps, while around 500 Poles were murdered in [[Executions in Rury Jezuickie|five large massacres]] carried out in the present-day district of [[Rury, Lublin|Rury]] in 1940.<ref>Wardzyńska. ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion''. p. 265</ref> Among the victims of the massacres were both men and women: doctors, engineers, local officials, lawyers, judges, activists, military officers, parliamentarians, [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance]] members, policemen, teachers and school and university students.<ref name=mw264/>

[[File:Pomnik ofiar egzekucji w Rurach Jezuickich w Lublinie 01.jpg|thumb|left|Monument and cemetery in [[Rury, Lublin|Rury]] where the Germans [[Executions in Rury Jezuickie|massacred]] around 500 Poles in 1940]]
An attempt to "[[Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945)|Germanise]]" the city led to an influx of the ethnic ''[[Volksdeutsche]]'', increasing the number of German minority from 10–15% in 1939 to 20–25%. Near Lublin, the so-called "reservation" for the Jews was built based on the idea of racial segregation known as the "[[Nisko Plan|Nisko or Lublin Plan]]".<ref name="MajerMuseum2003">{{cite book|author1=Diemut Majer|author2=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|title="Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-IQu7nWQwQC&pg=PA759|access-date=19 February 2012|year=2003|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6493-3|page=759}}</ref>

The Germans established and operated a [[Baudienst]] [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camp for [[Polish people|Poles]] in Lublin.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Obozy niemieckie na okupowanych terenach polskich|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|volume=4|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=99|page=29|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> Many Poles from or associated with Lublin, including 94 lecturers, alumni and students of the Catholic University of Lublin were murdered by the Soviets in the large [[Katyn massacre]] in April–May 1940.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Pawelec|first=Marek|year=2010|title="Lista Katyńska" KUL|magazine=Przegląd Uniwersytecki|volume=4|language=pl|publisher=Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II|issue=126|page=8|issn=0866-9961}}</ref>

[[File:Obóz na Majdanku 05 kjk.jpg|thumb|The site of the former [[Majdanek]] concentration camp, located on the outskirts of Lublin]]
The Jewish population was forced into the newly established [[Lublin Ghetto]] near [[Podzamcze, Lublin County|Podzamcze]]. The city served as headquarters for [[Operation Reinhardt]], the main German effort to exterminate all Jews in occupied Poland. The majority of the ghetto inmates, about 26,000 people, were deported to the [[Bełżec extermination camp]] between 17 March and 11 April 1942. The remainder were moved to facilities around the [[Majdanek concentration camp]] established at the outskirts of the city. Almost all of Lublin's Jews were murdered during the [[Holocaust in Poland]]. The secret [[Żegota|Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota"]], established by the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement]] operated in the city.<ref>{{cite book|last=Datner|first=Szymon|year=1968|title=Las sprawiedliwych|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Książka i Wiedza|page=69}}</ref> There are also known cases of local Polish men and women, who were captured and sent to either forced labour or concentration camps by the Germans for [[Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust|sheltering and aiding Jews]].<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej|year=2014|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|pages=64, 250, 271}}</ref> Poles who saved Jews in other places in the region were also temporarily imprisoned in the local castle, before being sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp.<ref>''Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej'', pp. 80, 255, 263</ref>

After the war, some survivors emerged from hiding with the [[Polish Righteous Among the Nations|Christian rescuers]] or returned from the Soviet Union, and re-established a small Jewish community in the city, but their numbers were insignificant. Most survivors left Poland for Israel, the United States and other countries.<ref name="Ścieżki">{{cite book |url=http://biblioteka.teatrnn.pl/dlibra/Content/20604/sciezki_pamieci_1.pdf |chapter=Ścieżki Pamięci, Żydowskie Miasto w Lublinie – Losy, Miejsca, Historia (Path of Memory. Jewish Town in Lublin - Fate, Places, History) |publisher=Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN" & Towarzystwo Przyjaźni Polsko-Izraelskiej w Lublinie |author1=Helena Ziemba née Herszenborn |author2=Irena Gewerc-Gottlieb |title=1. Mój Lublin Szczęśliwy i Nieszczęśliwy; 2. W Getcie i Kryjówce w Lublinie |year=2001 |location=Rishon LeZion, Israel; Lublin, Poland |pages=24, 27, 29, 30 |format=PDF file, direct download 4.9 MB |language=pl}}</ref>

In the first years of the occupation, many [[Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany|expelled Poles]] from [[Gdańsk]] and German-annexed Pomerania were deported to Lublin,<ref>{{cite book|last=Drywa|first=Danuta|editor-last=Kostkiewicz|editor-first=Janina|year=2020|title=Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)|language=pl|location=[[Kraków]]|publisher=[[Jagiellonian University|Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], [[Biblioteka Jagiellońska]]|page=184|chapter=Germanizacja dzieci i młodzieży polskiej na Pomorzu Gdańskim z uwzględnieniem roli obozu koncentracyjnego Stutthof}}</ref> and later on, in 1943, around 9,000 [[Ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna by Nazi Germany|expelled Poles from the nearby Zamojszczyzna region]] were brought to Lublin and imprisoned in the Majdanek concentration camp and in a transit camp at Krochmalna Street; many were afterwards deported to forced labour in Germany.<ref name=maj>{{cite web|url=http://www.majdanek.eu/pl/pow/wysiedlency_z_zamojszczyzny_w_obozie_koncentracyjnym_na_majdanku/48|title=Wysiedleńcy z Zamojszczyzny w obozie koncentracyjny na Majdanku|website=Majdanku.eu|access-date=11 September 2021|language=pl}}</ref> In August 1943, thanks to efforts of the Polish ''Rada Główna Opiekuńcza'' charity organisation, around 2,200 people were released from those two camps.<ref name=maj/> Many of the released people, including hundreds of [[Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany|kidnapped Polish children]], were extremely exhausted or sick, and were taken to local hospitals,<ref name=maj/> which quickly became overcrowded.<ref name=mgrs/> Many exhausted children died soon.<ref name=mgrs>{{cite book|last1=Gajderowicz|first1=Magdalena|last2=Skrzyniarz|first2=Ryszard|editor-last=Kostkiewicz|editor-first=Janina|year=2020|title=Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)|language=pl|location=Kraków|publisher=Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska|pages=144–145|chapter=Dzieci Zamojszczyzny w obozie na Majdanku (w wybranych aktach archiwalnych i relacjach)}}</ref> Lublin pharmacists and residents organized help for the children, and after leaving the hospital, the people were taken in by the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, which resulted in an [[epidemic typhus]] outbreak, which caused many deaths among the population.<ref name=mgrs/>

On 24 July 1944, the city was taken by the [[Soviet Army]] and became the temporary headquarters of the [[Stalinist Poland|Soviet-controlled]] communist [[Polish Committee of National Liberation]] established by Joseph Stalin, which was to serve as the basis for a puppet government. The Soviets carried out arrests of Polish resistance members, including the regional delegate of the [[Polish government-in-exile]], Władysław Cholewa, and the commander of the regional branch of the [[Home Army]], Colonel Kazimierz Tumidajski, who was eventually killed in Russian captivity in 1947.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Grabowski|first=Waldemar|year=2002|title=Na drodze do powstania|magazine=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej|language=pl|publisher=IPN|issue=8-9 (19-20)|page=42|issn=1641-9561}}</ref> The capital of new Poland was moved to Warsaw in January 1945 after the Soviet westward offensive.