Editing Low-temperature technology timeline (section)

== 21st century ==

* 2000 – [[Nuclear spin]] temperatures below 100&nbsp;pK were reported for an experiment at the [[Helsinki University of Technology]]'s Low Temperature Lab in [[Espoo]], [[Finland]]. However, this was the temperature of one particular [[Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degree of freedom]] –&nbsp;a [[quantum]] property called nuclear spin&nbsp;– not the overall average [[thermodynamic temperature]] for all possible degrees in freedom.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knuuttila|first=Tauno|url=http://www.hut.fi/Yksikot/Kirjasto/Diss/2000/isbn9512252147|title=Nuclear Magnetism and Superconductivity in Rhodium|location=Espoo, Finland|publisher=Helsinki University of Technology|year=2000|isbn=978-951-22-5208-4|access-date=2008-02-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010428173229/http://www.hut.fi/Yksikot/Kirjasto/Diss/2000/isbn9512252147/|archive-date=2001-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Low Temperature World Record|url=http://ltl.hut.fi/Low-Temp-Record.html|publisher=Low Temperature Laboratory, Teknillinen Korkeakoulu|date=8 December 2000|access-date=2008-02-11| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080218053521/http://ltl.hut.fi/Low-Temp-Record.html| archive-date=2008-02-18| url-status= live}}</ref>
* 2014 – Scientists in the [[CUORE]] collaboration at the [[Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso]] in Italy cooled a copper vessel with a volume of one cubic meter to {{convert|0.006|K|C F|sigfig=6|abbr=out}} for 15 days, setting a record for the lowest temperature in the known universe over such a large contiguous volume<ref>{{cite news|title=CUORE: The Coldest Heart in the Known Universe.|url=http://www.interactions.org/cms/?pid=1034217|access-date=21 October 2014|publisher=INFN Press Release}}</ref>
* 2015 – Experimental physicists at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) successfully cooled molecules in a gas of sodium potassium to a temperature of 500 nanokelvins, and it is expected to exhibit an exotic [[state of matter]] by cooling these molecules a bit further.<ref>{{cite web|title=MIT team creates ultracold molecules|url=https://newsoffice.mit.edu/2015/ultracold-molecules-0610|work=Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, Cambridge|date=10 June 2015 }}</ref>
* 2015 – A team of atomic physicists from [[Stanford University]] used a matter-wave lensing technique to cool a sample of rubidium atoms to an effective temperature of 50&nbsp;pK along two spatial dimensions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kovachy |first1=Tim |last2=Hogan |first2=Jason M. |last3=Sugarbaker |first3=Alex |last4=Dickerson |first4=Susannah M. |last5=Donnelly |first5=Christine A. |last6=Overstreet |first6=Chris |last7=Kasevich |first7=Mark A. |date=2015 |title=Matter Wave Lensing to Picokelvin Temperatures |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=114 |issue=14 |pages=143004 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.143004|pmid=25910118 |arxiv=1407.6995 |bibcode=2015PhRvL.114n3004K |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 2017 - [[Cold Atom Laboratory]] (CAL), an experimental instrument launched to the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/coolest-science-ever-headed-space-station|title=Coolest science ever headed to the space station|date=2017-09-05|work=Science {{!}} AAAS|access-date=2017-09-24|language=en}}</ref> The instrument creates extremely cold conditions in the [[microgravity]] environment of the ISS leading to the formation of [[Bose Einstein Condensate]]s that are a magnitude colder than those that are created in laboratories on Earth. In this space-based laboratory, up to 20 seconds interaction times and as low as 1 picokelvin (<math>10^{-12}</math> K) temperatures are projected to be achievable, and it could lead to exploration of unknown [[Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanical]] phenomena and test some of the most fundamental laws of physics.<ref name="NASA Cold Atom Laboratory Mission">{{cite web |url=http://coldatomlab.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329092843/http://coldatomlab.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-03-29 |title=Cold Atom Laboratory Mission |work=Jet Propulsion Laboratory |publisher=NASA |date=2017 |access-date=2016-12-22 }}</ref><ref name="CALnasa">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/news/cold_atom_lab/ |title=Cold Atom Laboratory Creates Atomic Dance |work=NASA News |date=26 September 2014 |access-date=2015-05-21 }}</ref>