Editing Louis XIV (section)

===Early acts===
As the Thirty Years' War came to an end, a civil war known as [[the Fronde]] erupted in France. It effectively checked France's ability to exploit the Peace of Westphalia. Anne and Mazarin had largely pursued the policies of Cardinal Richelieu, augmenting the Crown's power at the expense of the nobility and the ''{{Lang|fr|[[Parlement]]s}}''. Anne was more concerned with internal policy than foreign affairs; she was a very proud queen who insisted on the divine rights of the King of France.{{Sfn|Kleinman|1985|p={{Page needed|date=October 2020}}}}

[[File:Europe map 1648.PNG|thumb|Europe after the [[Peace of Westphalia]] in 1648]]

All this led her to advocate a forceful policy in all matters relating to the King's authority, in a manner that was much more radical than the one proposed by Mazarin. The Cardinal depended totally on Anne's support and had to use all his influence on the Queen to temper some of her radical actions. Anne imprisoned any aristocrat or member of parliament who challenged her will; her main aim was to transfer to her son an absolute authority in the matters of finance and justice. One of the leaders of the Parlement of Paris, whom she had jailed, died in prison.<ref>{{Harvnb|Petitfils|2002|pp=70–75}}</ref>

The ''{{Lang|fr|Frondeurs}}'', political heirs of the disaffected feudal aristocracy, sought to protect their traditional feudal privileges from the increasingly centralized royal government. Furthermore, they believed their traditional influence and authority was being usurped by the recently ennobled bureaucrats (the ''{{Lang|fr|Noblesse de Robe}}'', or "nobility of the robe"), who administered the kingdom and on whom the monarchy increasingly began to rely. This belief intensified the nobles' resentment.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

In 1648, Anne and Mazarin attempted to tax members of the ''{{Lang|fr|Parlement de Paris}}''. The members refused to comply and ordered all of the king's earlier financial edicts burned. Buoyed by the victory of {{Lang|fr|[[Louis, Grand Condé|Louis, duc d'Enghien]]}} (later known as ''{{Lang|fr|le Grand Condé}}'') at the [[Battle of Lens]], Mazarin, on Queen Anne's insistence, arrested certain members in a show of force.<ref>{{Harvnb|Petitfils|2002|pp=80–85}}</ref> The most important arrest, from Anne's point of view, concerned [[Pierre Broussel]], one of the most important leaders in the ''{{Lang|fr|Parlement de Paris}}''.

[[File:Louis XIV en Jupiter, vainqueur de la Fronde.jpg|thumb|1655 portrait of Louis, the Victor of the Fronde, portrayed as the god [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]]]]

People in France were complaining about the expansion of royal authority, the high rate of taxation, and the reduction of the authority of the Parlement de Paris and other regional representative entities. Paris erupted in rioting as a result, and Anne was forced, under intense pressure, to free Broussel. Moreover, on the night of 9–10 February 1651, when Louis was twelve, a mob of angry Parisians broke into the royal palace and demanded to see their king. Led into the royal bed-chamber, they gazed upon Louis, who was feigning sleep, were appeased, and then quietly departed.{{Sfn|Blanning|2008|p=306}} The threat to the royal family prompted Anne to flee Paris with the king and his courtiers.

Shortly thereafter, the conclusion of the [[Peace of Westphalia]] allowed Condé's army to return to aid Louis and his court. Condé's family was close to Anne at that time, and he agreed to help her attempt to restore the king's authority.{{Sfn|Petitfils|2002|pp=84–87}} The queen's army, headed by Condé, attacked the rebels in Paris; the rebels were under the political control of Anne's old friend [[Marie de Rohan]]. Beaufort, who had escaped from the prison where Anne had incarcerated him five years before, was the military leader in Paris, under the nominal control of Conti. After a few battles, a political compromise was reached; the [[Peace of Rueil]] was signed, and the court returned to Paris.

Unfortunately for Anne, her partial victory depended on Condé, who wanted to control the queen and destroy Mazarin's influence. It was Condé's sister who pushed him to turn against the queen. After striking a deal with her old friend Marie de Rohan, who was able to impose the nomination of {{Lang|fr|[[Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf]]}} as minister of justice, Anne arrested Condé, his brother [[Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti]], and the husband of their sister Anne Genevieve de Bourbon, [[duchess of Longueville]]. This situation did not last long, and Mazarin's unpopularity led to the creation of a coalition headed mainly by Marie de Rohan and the duchess of Longueville. This aristocratic coalition was strong enough to liberate the princes, exile Mazarin, and impose a condition of virtual house arrest on Queen Anne.
[[File:Louis XIV by Juste d'Egmont.jpg|left|thumb|Portrait by [[Justus van Egmont]] between the years 1649–1652.]]
All these events were witnessed by Louis and largely explained his later distrust of Paris and the higher aristocracy.{{Sfn|Petitfils|2002|pp=88–90, 91–98}} "In one sense, Louis's childhood came to an end with the outbreak of the Fronde. It was not only that life became insecure and unpleasant – a fate meted out to many children in all ages – but that Louis had to be taken into the confidence of his mother and Mazarin on political and military matters of which he could have no deep understanding".{{Sfn|Hatton|1972|p=22}} "The family home became at times a near-prison when Paris had to be abandoned, not in carefree outings to other chateaux but in humiliating flights".{{Sfn|Hatton|1972|p=22}} The royal family was driven out of Paris twice in this manner, and at one point Louis{{Nbsp}}XIV and Anne were held under virtual arrest in the royal palace in Paris. The Fronde years planted in Louis a hatred of Paris and a consequent determination to move out of the ancient capital as soon as possible, never to return.{{Sfn|Hatton|1972|p=31}}

Just as the first ''{{Lang|fr|Fronde}}'' (the ''{{Lang|fr|Fronde parlementaire}}'' of 1648–1649) ended, a second one (the ''{{Lang|fr|Fronde des princes}}'' of 1650–1653) began. Unlike that which preceded it, tales of sordid intrigue and half-hearted warfare characterized this second phase of upper-class insurrection. To the aristocracy, this rebellion represented a protest for the reversal of their political demotion from [[vassal]]s to [[courtier]]s. It was headed by the highest-ranking French nobles, among them Louis's uncle [[Gaston, Duke of Orléans]] and first cousin [[Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier]], known as ''{{Lang|fr|la Grande Mademoiselle}}''; [[prince du sang|Princes of the Blood]] such as Condé, his brother [[Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti]], and their sister the [[Anne Geneviève de Bourbon|Duchess of Longueville]]; dukes of [[Legitimacy (family law)|legitimised]] royal descent, such as [[Henri II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville|Henri, Duke of Longueville]], and [[François, Duke of Beaufort]]; so-called "[[Prince étranger|foreign princes]]" such as [[Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne|Frédéric Maurice, Duke of Bouillon]], his brother [[Marshal of France|Marshal]] [[Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne|Turenne]], and [[Marie de Rohan]], Duchess of Chevreuse; and [[Kinship|scions]] of France's oldest families, such as [[François de La Rochefoucauld (writer)|François de La Rochefoucauld]].

Queen Anne played the most important role in defeating the Fronde because she wanted to transfer absolute authority to her son. In addition, most of the princes refused to deal with Mazarin, who went into exile for a number of years. The ''{{Lang|fr|Frondeurs}}'' claimed to act on Louis's behalf, and in his real interest, against his mother and Mazarin.

Queen Anne had a very close relationship with the Cardinal, and many observers believed that Mazarin became Louis{{Nbsp}}XIV's stepfather by a secret marriage to Queen Anne.{{Sfn|Hatton|1972|p=18}} However, Louis's coming-of-age and subsequent [[coronation]] deprived them of the ''{{Lang|fr|Frondeurs}}''{{'}} pretext for revolt. The ''{{Lang|fr|Fronde}}'' thus gradually lost steam and ended in 1653, when Mazarin returned triumphantly from exile. From that time until his death, Mazarin was in charge of foreign and financial policy without the daily supervision of Anne, who was no longer regent.{{Sfn|Petitfils|2002|pp=148–150}}

During this period, Louis fell in love with Mazarin's niece [[Marie Mancini]], but Anne and Mazarin ended the king's infatuation by sending Mancini away from court to be married in Italy. While Mazarin might have been tempted for a short time to marry his niece to the King of France, Queen Anne was absolutely against this; she wanted to marry her son to the daughter of her brother, [[Philip IV of Spain]], for both dynastic and political reasons. Mazarin soon supported the Queen's position because he knew that her support for his power and his foreign policy depended on making peace with Spain from a strong position and on the Spanish marriage. Additionally, Mazarin's relations with Marie Mancini were not good, and he did not trust her to support his position. All of Louis's tears and his supplications to his mother did not make her change her mind. The Spanish marriage would be very important both for its role in ending the war between France and Spain, because many of the claims and objectives of Louis's foreign policy for the next 50 years would be based upon this marriage, and because it was through this marriage that the Spanish throne would ultimately be delivered to the House of Bourbon.{{Sfn|Bluche|1990|pp=128–129}}