Editing Louis Agassiz (section)

==United States==
With the aid of a grant of money from the [[king of Prussia]], Agassiz crossed the [[Atlantic]] in the autumn of 1846 to investigate the natural history and geology of North America and to deliver a course of lectures on "The Plan of Creation as shown in the Animal Kingdom"<ref>Smith, p.&nbsp;52.</ref> by invitation from [[John Amory Lowell]], at the [[Lowell Institute]] in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]. The financial offers that were presented to him in the [[United States]] induced him to settle there, where he remained to the end of his life.{{sfn|Woodward|1911|p=368}} He was elected a foreign honorary member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1846.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 6, 2011}}</ref>

In 1846, still married to Cecilie, who remained with their three children in Switzerland, Agassiz met [[Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz|Elizabeth Cabot Cary]] at a dinner. The two developed a romantic attachment, and when his wife died in 1848, they made plans to marry. The ceremony took place on April 25, 1850, in Boston, Massachusetts at [[King's Chapel]]. Agassiz brought his children to live with them, and Elizabeth raised and developed close relationships with her step-children. She had no children of her own.<ref name="Paton">Paton, Lucy Allen. ''Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz; a biography.'' Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1919.</ref>

Agassiz had a mostly cordial relationship with the Harvard botanist [[Asa Gray]] despite their disagreements.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dupree|first=A. Hunter|year=1988|title=Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=978-0-801-83741-8|pages=152–154, 224–225}}</ref> Agassiz believed each human race had been separately created,<ref>See, for instance, [https://archive.org/details/sim_christian-examiner_1851-01_50_1 Agassiz, Louis (1851), "Contemplations of God in the Kosmos", ''The Christian Examiner and Religious Miscellany'', Vol. 50, No. 1, (January 1851), pp. 1–17.]</ref> but Gray, a supporter of [[Charles Darwin]], believed in the shared evolutionary ancestry of all humans.<ref name="dupree">{{cite book|last=Dupree|first=A. Hunter|year=1988|title=Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=978-0-801-83741-8|pages=ix–xv, 152–154, 224–225}}</ref> In addition, Agassiz was a member of the [[Scientific Lazzaroni]], a group of mostly physical scientists who wanted American academia to mimic the more autocratic academic structures of European universities, but Gray was a staunch opponent of that group.

Agassiz's engagement for the [[Lowell Institute]] lectures precipitated the establishment in 1847 of the [[Lawrence Scientific School]] at Harvard University, with Agassiz as its head.<ref>Smith (1898), pp. 39–41.</ref> Harvard appointed him professor of zoology and geology, and he founded the [[Museum of Comparative Zoology]] there in 1859 and served as its first director until his death in 1873. During his tenure at Harvard, Agassiz studied the effect of the last ice age in North America.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} In August 1857, Agassiz was offered the chair of palaeontology in the [[Museum of Natural History, Paris]], which he refused. He was later decorated with the [[Cross of the Legion of Honor]].<ref name="BDA1906p63">{{harvnb|Johnson|1906|p=63}}</ref>

Agassiz continued his lectures for the Lowell Institute. In succeeding years, he gave lectures on "Ichthyology" (1847–1848), "Comparative Embryology" (1848–1849), "Functions of Life in Lower Animals" (1850–1851), "Natural History" (1853–1854), "Methods of Study in Natural History" (1861–1862), "Glaciers and the Ice Period" (1864–1865), "Brazil" (1866–1867), and "Deep Sea [[Marine biology dredge|Dredging]]" (1869–1870).<ref>Smith (1898), pp. 52–66.</ref> In 1850, he had married Elizabeth Cabot Cary, who later wrote introductory books about natural history and a lengthy biography of her husband after he had died.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/louisagassizhisl02agas|title=Louis Agassiz; his life and correspondence|last=Agassiz|first=Elizabeth Cabot Cary|date=1893|publisher=Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and company|others=MBLWHOI Library}}</ref>

Agassiz served as a nonresident lecturer at [[Cornell University]] while he was also on faculty at Harvard.<ref>''A History of Cornell'' by Morris Bishop (1962), p. 83.</ref> In 1852, he accepted a medical professorship of [[comparative anatomy]] at [[Charlestown, Massachusetts]], but he resigned in two years.{{sfn|Woodward|1911|p=368}} From then on, Agassiz's scientific studies dropped off, but he became one of the best-known scientists in the world. By 1857, Agassiz was so well-loved that his friend [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] wrote "The Fiftieth Birthday of Agassiz" in his honor and read it at a dinner given for Agassiz by the [[Saturday Club (Boston, Massachusetts)|Saturday Club]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]].{{sfn|Woodward|1911|p=368}} Agassiz's own writing continued with four (of a planned 10) volumes of ''Natural History of the United States'', published from 1857 to 1862. He also published a catalog of papers in his field, ''Bibliographia Zoologiae et Geologiae'', in four volumes between 1848 and 1854.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agassiz |first=Louis |title=Bibliographia Zoologiæ Et Geologiæ. A General Catalogue of All Books, Tracts, and Memoirs on Zoology and Geology |volume= 1 |publisher=Ray Society |year=1848 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Agassiz |first=Louis |title=Bibliographia Zoologiæ Et Geologiæ A General Catalogue of All Books, Tracts, and Memoirs On Zoology and Geology|volume =2 |publisher=Ray Society |year=1850 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Agassiz |first=Louis |title=Bibliographia Zoologiæ Et Geologiæ A General Catalogue of All Books, Tracts, and Memoirs On Zoology and Geology|volume =3 |publisher=Ray Society |year=1853 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Agassiz |first=Louis |title=Bibliographia Zoologiæ Et Geologiæ A General Catalogue of All Books, Tracts, and Memoirs on Zoology and Geology|volume= 4 |publisher=Ray Society |year=1854}}</ref>

Stricken by ill health in the 1860s, Agassiz resolved to return to the field for relaxation and to resume his studies of Brazilian fish. In April 1865, he led the [[Thayer Expedition]] to Brazil. While there, he commissioned two photographers, [[Augusto Stahl]] and [[Georges Leuzinger]], to accompany the expedition and produce somatological images of Indigenous people and enslaved Africans and Black people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ermakoff|first=George|title=O negro na fotografia brasileira do século XIX |publisher=G. Ermakoff |year=2004}}</ref> After his return in August 1866, an account of the expedition, ''A Journey in Brazil'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agassiz |first=Louis |title=A Journey in Brazil |publisher=Ticknor and Fields |year=1868 |isbn=9780608433790}}</ref> was published in 1868. In December 1871, he made a second eight-month excursion, known as the ''[[Hassler (vessel)|Hassler]]'' expedition under the command of Commander [[Philip C. Johnson Jr.|Philip Carrigan Johnson]] (the brother of [[Eastman Johnson]]) and visited South America on its southern Atlantic and Pacific Seaboards. The ship explored the [[Magellan Strait]], which drew the praise of [[Charles Darwin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientific results of a Journey in Brazil: Geology and Physical Georgraphy of Brazil by Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (1807–1873) and Fred Hart – 1870 |url=https://www.biblio.com/book/scientifc-results-journey-brazil-geology-physical/d/54684666}}</ref>

Following the establishment of the first U.S. [[American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals|Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]] in New York City in 1866, Agassiz was called on to help settle disputes about animal behavior. He deemed the way turtles were shipped caused them suffering, while [[P.T. Barnum]] argued with Agassiz' support that his snakes would eat only live animals.<ref>{{cite book | first =Ernest | last = Freeberg | title = A Traitor to his Species: Henry Bergh and the Birth of the Animal Rights Movement | location =New York | publisher =Basic Books | date = 2020 | pages = 17–18, 65–66 }}</ref>

His second wife, [[Elizabeth Cary Agassiz]], assisted him in preparing his ''A Journey in Brazil''. Along with her stepson, [[Alexander Agassiz]], she wrote ''Seaside Studies in Natural History'' and ''Marine Animals of Massachusetts''.<ref name="BDA1906p63" /> Elizabeth wrote at the Strait that "the ''Hassler'' pursued her course, past a seemingly endless panorama of mountains and forests rising into the pale regions of snow and ice, where lay glaciers in which every rift and crevasse, as well as the many cascades flowing down to join the waters beneath, could be counted as she steamed by them.... These were weeks of exquisite delight to Agassiz. The vessel often skirted the shore so closely that its geology could be studied from the deck."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agassiz |first=Louis |title=Louis Agassiz His Life and Correspondence |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company |year=1885 |page=719}}</ref>