Editing London Borough of Hackney (section)

===Later history===
[[File:Sutton house hackney 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sutton House, London|Sutton House]] was built in 1535.]]

In the [[Tudor era|Tudor period]], the lands of religious orders were [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|seized]] by the Crown and put up for sale. Thus Hackney became a retreat for the [[nobility]] around [[Hackney Central]] and [[Homerton]]. [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]'s Palace was by [[Lower Clapton|Lea Bridge roundabout]], where [[BSix Sixth Form College]] stands today.<ref name="to1800">[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=22694 'Hackney: Settlement and Building to c.1800', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10: Hackney (1995), pp. 10–4] Date accessed: 2 October 2006</ref> [[Sutton House, London|Sutton House]], on Homerton High Street, is the oldest surviving dwelling in Hackney,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/london/sutton-house-and-breakers-yard/visiting-sutton-house | title=Visiting Sutton House&#124; London }}</ref> originally built in 1535 as ''Bryck Place'' for [[Ralph Sadleir|Sir Ralph Sadleir]], a diplomat. The village of Hackney flourished from the Tudor to late [[Georgian period]]s as a rural retreat.

The first documented "[[hackney coach]]"—the forerunner of the more generic "[[hackney carriage]]"—operated in London in 1621. Current opinion is that the name "hackney", to refer to a London taxi, is derived from the village name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-hac1.htm|title=The history of the word 'Hackney'|date=11 May 2002|publisher=Worldwidewords.org|access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> (Hackney, associated with high-stepping horses and horse-drawn carriages, is the root of the French word ''haquenée'', a term used for a small breed of horse,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cnrtl.fr/etymologie/haquen%C3%A9e|title=Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales|author=CNRS – Nancy Université|publisher=ATILF|access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> and the [[Sardinia]]n {{lang|sc|[[Giara horse|achetta]]}} horse.) Construction of the railway in the 1850s ended Hackney's rural reputation by connecting it to other parts of the city and stimulating development.

[[File:Curtain Theatre.jpg|thumb|right|[[Curtain Theatre]] circa 1600 print. Note: some authorities believe this to be a depiction of [[the Theatre]] – the other Elizabethan theatre in [[Shoreditch]].]]
London's first [[English Renaissance theatre|Tudor theatres]] were built at [[Shoreditch]]. The [[Gunpowder Plot]] was first exposed nearby in [[Hoxton]].<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/g08.pdf Houses of Parliament factsheet on event] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215195506/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/g08.pdf|date=15 February 2005}}. Retrieved 6 March 2007.</ref>

In 1727 [[Daniel Defoe]] said of the villages of Hackney {{blockquote|''All these, except the Wyck-house, are within a few years so encreas'd in buildings, and so fully inhabited, that there is no comparison to be made between their present and past state: Every separate hamlet is encreas'd, and some of them more than treble as big as formerly; Indeed as this whole town is included in the bills of mortality, tho' no where joining to London, it is in some respects to be call'd a part of it.''}}

{{Blockquote|''This town is so remarkable for the retreat of wealthy citizens, that there is at this time near a hundred coaches kept in it; tho' I will not join with a certain satyrical author, who said of Hackney, that there were more coaches than Christians in it.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=Defoe&c_id=21|title=Daniel Defoe, Letter VI: Middx, Herts & Bucks|work= A Vision of Britain|publisher=University of Portsmouth and others|access-date=16 June 2015}}</ref>}}

The parish [[church of St John-at-Hackney]] was built in 1792, replacing the nearby former 16th-century parish church dedicated to [[Augustine of Canterbury|St Augustine]] (pulled down in 1798).

Notable residents from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries included [[Robert Aske (merchant)|Robert Aske]], [[Baron Amherst of Hackney|William Cecil]], [[Samuel Courtauld (industrialist)|Samuel Courtauld]], [[Samuel Hoare Jr|Samuel Hoare]], [[Joseph Priestley]] and [[Thomas Sutton]].

Many grand houses stood in [[Stoke Newington]] and [[Stamford Hill]]; the latter neighbourhood became a center of Hackney's many Orthodox [[Jewish people|Jewish]] residents from the 1930s. [[Alfred Hitchcock]] made many of his first films in Hoxton at the [[Gainsborough Studios]] in Poole Street.<ref>[http://www.hackney.gov.uk/servapps/visit/data/vi_vill4.htm Visiting Hackney] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102230509/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/servapps/visit/data/vi_vill4.htm|date=2 January 2008|access-date=10 May 2007}}</ref>

The interwar era saw the building of [[London County Council housing developments|social housing by the LCC]] and the borough council in the area including the Kingsmead Estate, Morningside Estate, Banister House and Nisbet House.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hackney: Homerton and Hackney Wick {{!}} British History Online |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol10/pp51-59 |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bannister House, Homerton High Street |url=https://www.layersoflondon.org/map/records/bannister-house-homerton-high-street |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.layersoflondon.org}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=G |first=Sludge |title=Banister House Homerton E9 1935 |date=2008-07-26 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/sludgeulper/2702974313/ |access-date=2023-01-06}}</ref> The borough also includes housing projects developed by high-profile postwar architects including The Beckers (1958) by [[Frederick Gibberd|Sir Frederick Gibberd]], Granard House (1959) by [[Colin St John Wilson]] and Pitcairn House (1962) by [[Eric Lyons]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pitcairn House, Frampton Park Estate, Mare Street, London |url=https://www.ribapix.com/Pitcairn-House-Frampton-Park-Estate-Mare-Street-London_RIBA43948 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=RIBApix |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=municipaldreams |date=2016-03-10 |title=Municipal Dreams |url=https://municipaldreams.tumblr.com/post/140801396994/the-beckers-hackney-constructed-late-1950s |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Tumblr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bentham Road Estate, Hackney |url=https://www.layersoflondon.org/map/records/bentham-road-estate-hackney |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.layersoflondon.org}}</ref> Following extensive post-war development and immigration since the late 20th century, population pressure has increased and the area's many Georgian and Victorian terraces are being gentrified, warehouses are being converted to housing, and new flats are being built.<ref>[http://www.channel4.com/4homes/ontv/best&worst/2007/Hackney-Best-Worst-One-Year-Later-2.html ''Location, Location: Best and Worse Hackney One Year On''], Channel 4 TV. Retrieved 7 November 2007.</ref>

In the 1980s and beyond, Hackney was described as the poorest borough in Britain - although it has been questioned whether this may have in fact been [[Glasgow City Council|Glasgow]], at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shields |first1=Richard |last2=Webber |first2=Jon |date=1986 |title=Hackney Lurches Local |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44256577 |journal=Community Development Journal |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=133–140 |doi=10.1093/cdj/21.2.133 |jstor=44256577 |issn=0010-3802}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dreams |first=Municipal |date=2013-09-17 |title=Woodberry Down, Hackney: 'the Estate of the Future' |url=https://municipaldreams.wordpress.com/2013/09/17/woodberry-down-hackney-the-estate-of-the-future/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Municipal Dreams |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rate-capped Authorities (Government Policy)   |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1985/apr/04/rate-capped-authorities-government-policy |access-date=2023-02-26 |date=4 April 1985 |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpuuaHfJvwUC&dq=hackney+%22britain's+poorest+borough%22&pg=PA220 |title=Selling Places: The Marketing and Promotion of Towns and Cities 1850-2000 |date=2005-10-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-81894-4 |language=en}}</ref> The council used the phrase 'Britain's Poorest Borough' in official materials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Political poster |url=https://museum-collection.hackney.gov.uk/object-1991-26 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Hackney Museum Collections Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=badge {{!}} British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1990-0310-6 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=The British Museum |language=en}}</ref> It was described in this way as late as 2001<ref>{{Cite book |last=Waller |first=Robert |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49238454 |title=The almanac of British politics |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |others=Byron Criddle |isbn=0-415-26833-8 |edition=7th |location=London |pages=417 |oclc=49238454}}</ref> and in Parliament in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debate: Financial Support (Students) - 15th Dec 2010 Jeremy Corbyn extracts from Financial Support (Students) (15th December 2010) |url=https://www.parallelparliament.co.uk/mp/jeremy-corbyn/debate/2010-12-15/commons/westminster-hall/financial-support-students |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=www.parallelparliament.co.uk}}</ref> This picture has now changed: the 2019 [[Indices of Multiple Deprivation]] found that Hackney was the 22nd most deprived borough in England, down from 11th in 2015 and 2nd in 2010, whilst Hackney has also featured prominently in discussions of [[gentrification]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Profile of Hackney, its people and place, Hackney Council, 2020 |url=https://hced.co.uk/download/Hackney-Profile_2020.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Happened When Hackney Was Gentrified? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/east-london-gentrification-rife-book-extract/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Vice.com |date=12 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Holland |first=Mina |date=2012-07-07 |title=Chatsworth Road: the frontline of Hackney's gentrification |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jul/07/chatsworth-road-frontline-hackney-gentrification |access-date=2023-02-26 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

It was ranked as inner London's "greenest borough" and London Transport's "best bike borough 2006",<ref>[http://www.hackney.gov.uk/print/xc-news-april06-bestbike.htm ''Hackney wins best bike borough'' (LBH Press release, 6 April 2006)]{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} accessed 7 November 2007</ref> with 62 [[Hackney parks and open spaces|parks and open spaces]], covering {{convert|815|acre|km2|1}}.<ref>[http://www.hackney.gov.uk/cp-community-parks.htm ''Parks department'' (LB Hackney)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109120843/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/cp-community-parks.htm|date=9 November 2007|access-date=7 November 2007}}</ref> Seven Hackney parks have now achieved [[Green Flag award|Green Flag]] status.<ref>''Hackney Today'' 188 21 July 2008</ref> One, [[Abney Park Cemetery|Abney Park]], became scheduled in 2009 as one of Britain's historic parks and garden at risk from neglect and decay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about/news/historic-at-risk-register/ |title=English Heritage's 'At Risk' register|access-date=5 July 2010}}</ref> [[Hackney Marshes]] play host to the largest collection of football pitches in Europe. Part of it was used as a site for events of the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].

In 2021, the addition of 3 illegal art pieces,the anarchist charity [[Antepavilion|Antepavillion]] was given an ordinance to remove their most recent illegal art piece "''[[Sharks!]]"'' This brought the [[Metropolitan Police]] to raid Antepavillion's main warehouse and illegal Potemkin Theatre to stop the addition of the piece. After its placement was banned in the protected canal area, the Islington Boat Club put it on display in their private area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INTRODUCTION |url=https://www.antepavilion.org/hackney-fight |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Antepavilion |language=en-GB}}</ref>