Editing Liturgical year (section)

===East Syriac Rite===
[[File:East syrian Liturgical calender.png|thumb|The liturgical seasons of [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac Catholic churches]]]]
{{further|Syro Malabar Liturgical Calendar}}
The Liturgical Calendar of the [[East Syriac Rite]] is fixed according to the flow of salvation history. With a focus upon the historical life of [[Jesus Christ]], believers are led to the eschatological fulfillment (i.e. the heavenly bliss) through this special arrangement of liturgical seasons.<ref>Pathikulangara, Varghese. ''Mar Toma Margam'', (A New Catechism for the St. Thomas Christians of India), Kottayam: Denha Services, 2004</ref> The liturgical year is divided into 8 seasons of approximately 7 weeks each but adjusted to fit the solar calendar. The arrangement of the Seasons in the Liturgical Year is based on seven central events on celebrations of the Salvation History. They are:
# [[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity]] of Christ
# [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] of Christ
# [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]] of Christ
# [[Pentecost]]
# [[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration]]
# [[Feast of the Cross|Glorious Cross]]
# [[Parousia]] (the Dedication of Church after Christ's second coming)

One of the oldest available records mentioning the liturgical cycle of east-syriac rite is handwritten manuscript named 'Preface to Hudra' written by Rabban Brick-Iso in 14th century.<ref>Rabban Brik-lso, Preface to Hudra in Cambridge Add. 1981, 4v; J.Mateos, Lelya-Sapra, 463-464.</ref> The manuscript mentions that the liturgical year is divided into nine seasons starting from Subara and ends with Qudas Edta. Catholic churches of east-syriac rite maintains the same liturgical calendar until the current date except that many consider 7th and 8th seasons as a single one. The biblical reading and prayers during Mass and [[Liturgy of the Hours]] vary according to different seasons in the liturgical calendar.

====Liturgical Calendar====
The various seasons of the liturgical calendar of [[Syro-Malabar Church]] and [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] are given below.

=====Annunciation (Subara)=====
Weeks of Annunciation ([[Subara]]) is the first season of the liturgical year. The liturgical year begins with the commemoration of biblical events leading to the annunciation and birth of Jesus as expected savior in the old testament. The season begins on the Sunday just before the first of December and ends with the feast of [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] that is [[Feast of the Baptism of the Lord|the Feast of the Baptism of Jesus]]. The faithful practice abstinence during December 1–25 in preparation for Christmas; this period is called "25 days Lent".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.syromalabarliturgy.org/assets/assettt/panchangam%20English%202021%20(1).pdf|title=Syro-Malabar Liturgical Calendar: 2020–2021|author=Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Commission for Liturgy|page=3}}</ref>

Feasts celebrated during this season
* [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]] of [[Mary, mother of Jesus]] (December 8)
* Feast of Miraculous Cross of Mylapore ([[Saint Thomas Christian cross]]) (December 18) in [[Syro Malabar Church]]
*[[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity]] of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ or [[Christmas]] (December 25)
* Feast of [[Massacre of the Innocents|Holy Infants]] (December 28)
* Feast of [[Presentation of Jesus at the Temple|Name Iso]] (January 1)
* Feast of [[Mary, mother of Jesus]] (last Friday of Season)

=====Epiphany (Denha)=====
Weeks of Epiphany begins on the Sunday closest to the feast of [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] and runs to the beginning of Great Fast. The word ''denha'' in [[Syriac language|Syriac]] means sunrise. Church considers the baptism of Jesus in the [[River Jordan]] as the first historical event in which the [[Trinity]] was revealed to humankind in the person of Jesus Christ. Thus the season commemorates the manifestation or revelation of Jesus and Trinity to the world. During the season the church celebrates the feasts of Saints in connection with the manifestation of the Lord.

Feasts celebrated during the period
*Feast of [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] or [[Baptism of the Lord|Feast of Baptism of the Lord]] (January 6)
*Feast of [[John the Baptist|Saint John the Baptist]] on first Friday of Epiphany
*Feast of Apostles [[Saint Peter|Peter (Kepha)]] and [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] on second Friday of Epiphany
*Feast of [[Four Evangelists|Evangelists]] on third Friday of Epiphany
*Feast of [[Saint Stephen|Saint Stephan]] on fourth Friday of Epiphany
*Feast of [[Church Fathers|Fathers of Church]] on fifth Friday of Epiphany
*Feast of [[Patron Saint|Patron Saint of Church]] on sixth Friday of Epiphany
*Feast of [[All Souls' Day|all departed faithful]] on last Friday of Epiphany

=====Great Fast (Sawma Rabba)=====
During these weeks the faithful meditate over the 40-day fast of Jesus and the culmination of his public life in passion, death and burial. The season begins 50 days before Easter on Peturta Sunday and comprises the whole period of [[Great Lent]] and culminates on [[Easter|Resurrection Sunday]]. Word Peturta in Syriac means "looking back" or "reconciliation". 
Faithful enter the weeks of Great Fast, celebrating the memory of all the Faithful Departed on the last Friday of Denha.

According to the ecclesial tradition, the weeks of Great Fast is also an occasion to keep up the memory of the beloved Departed through special prayers, renunciation, almsgiving, and so on and thus prepare oneself for a good death and resurrection in Jesus Christ. During the fast faithful of [[Syro Malabar Church]] do not use meat, fish, egg, many dairy products, and most favorite food items, and avoid sexual contacts on all days including Sundays and Feast days. Before European colonization, [[Nasrani (India)|Indian Nasranis]] used to have food only once a day (after 3:00 pm) on all days during Great Fast.
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Feasts in the Lenten Season
*Peturta Sunday on First Sunday of Great Fast
*[[Clean Monday|Ash Monday]] or [[Clean Monday]] on the first day (Monday) of Great Fast
*[[Lazarus of Bethany|Lazarus]] Friday on the sixth Friday of Great Fast
*[[Palm Sunday|Oshana Sunday]] on the seventh Sunday of Great Fast
*[[Maundy Thursday|Thursday of Pesha]]
*[[Good Friday|Friday of Passion]] or [[Good Friday]]
*[[Holy Saturday|Great Saturday]] or Saturday of Light

The following feasts are always in the Lenten Season:
*Feast of Mar [[Cyril of Jerusalem]] (March 18)
*Feast of [[Saint Joseph]] (March 19)
*[[Feast of the Annunciation]] (March 25)

=====Resurrection (Qyamta)=====
The weeks of Great Resurrection begin on the [[Easter|Resurrection Sunday]] and run to the feast of [[Pentecost]]. The Church celebrates the Resurrection of our Lord during these seven weeks: Jesus' victory over death, sin, suffering and Satan. The church also commemorates various events that occurred after the resurrection of Christ, such as the visits of Jesus to the Apostles and the ascension of Jesus.

According to eastern Christianity, the Feast of Resurrection is the most important and the greatest feast in a liturgical year. Therefore, the season commemorating the resurrection of Christ is also of prime importance in the church liturgy. The first week of the season is celebrated as the 'Week of weeks' as it is the week of the resurrection of Christ.

Feasts celebrated during the period:
* Feast of [[Easter|Resurrection of Christ]]
* Feast of All Confessors (Saints) on the first Friday of [[Qyamta]]
* [[Quasimodo Sunday|New Sunday]] or St. Thomas Sunday on the second Sunday of Qyamta
* Feast of [[Ascension of Jesus]] on the sixth Friday of Qyamta

The following feasts are always in the season of resurrection:
* Feast of [[Saint George]] (April 24)
* Feast of [[Mark the Evangelist]] (April 25)
* Feast of [[Saint Joseph]], the worker (May 1)
* Feasts of [[Philip the Apostle|Saint Philip]] and [[James, son of Alphaeus|Saint James]] the apostles (May 3)

=====Apostles (Slihe)=====
Weeks of apostles ([[Slihe]]) starts on the feast of [[Pentecost]], fiftieth day of the [[Easter|Resurrection Sunday]]. During these days the church commemorates the inauguration of church and the acts of apostles and church fathers through which the foundation of the church was laid. Church meditates on the virtues of the early church: fellowship, breaking of bread and sharing of wealth, and the [[Fruit of the Holy Spirit|fruits]] and [[Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit|gifts]] of [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]]. The spread of the church all over the world as well as her growth is also remembered during this season.

Feast celebrated during the season:
* Feast of [[Pentecost]] on first Sunday of Slihe
* Feast of Friday of Gold: The first commemoration of the first miracle of apostles done by [[Peter the Apostle|Saint Peter]].

The following feasts are commemorated in the season of Slihe
* Feast of [[Ephrem the Syrian|Mar Aphrem]] (June 10)
* Feast of the Apostles [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and [[Saint Paul|Paul]] (June 29)
* Feast of [[Thomas the Apostle|Mar Thoma]], founding father of east Syriac churches (July 3)
* Feast of [[Cyricus and Julitta|Mar Quriaqos and Yolitha]] (July 15)

=====Qaita (Summer)=====
Along the weeks of Qaita maturity and fruitfulness of church are commemorated. The Syriac word Qaita means "summer" and it is a time of harvest for the Church. The fruits of the Church are those of holiness and martyrdom. While the sprouting and infancy of the Church were celebrated in 'the Weeks of the Apostles,' her development in different parts of the world by reflecting the image of the heavenly Kingdom and giving birth to many saints and martyrs are proclaimed during this season. Fridays of this Season are set apart for honoring saints and martyrs.

Feast celebrated during the season:
* Feast of the [[twelve apostles]] and Nusardeil on the first Sunday of Qaita (Nusardeil is a Persian word which means "God-given New Year Day").
* Feast of [[Jacob of Nisibis|Mar Jacob of Nisibis]] on the first Friday of Qaita.
* Feast of [[Saint Mari|Mar Mari]] on the second Friday of Qaita.
* Feast of [[Woman with seven sons|Marta Simoni and her Seven Children]] on the fifth Friday of Qaita.
* Feast of [[Shemon Bar Sabbae|Mar Shimun Bar Sabbai]] and Companions on the sixth Friday of Qaita.
* Feast of martyr Mar Quardag on the seventh Friday of Qaita.

The following feasts are commemorated in the season of Qaita
* Feast of seventy disciples of Jesus (July 27)
* Feast of [[Saint Alphonsa]] in [[Syro Malabar Catholic Church]] (July 28)
* Feast of [[Transfiguration of Jesus]] (August 6)
* Feast of [[Assumption of Mary]] (August 15)

=====Eliyah-Sliba-Moses=====
The name of the seasons of Eliyah-Sliba-Moses takes their origin from the feast of the [[transfiguration of Jesus]]. And the seasons revolve around the exaltation of the cross on the [[feast of the Cross|feast of the glorious cross]] on September 14. During the seasons of Eliyah and Sliba church reminds the faithful of the heavenly bliss which is promised to be inherited at the end of earthly life and the church commemorates the exaltic experience of the bliss through various sacraments. While during the season of Moses church meditates upon the end of time and the [[last judgment]]. Many at times the season of Moses is regarded as a distinct and separate season from the other two since it has a distinct theme.

The season of Eliyah has a length of one to three Sundays. Season of Sliba starts on Sunday on or after the feast of the glorious cross and has a length of three to four weeks. The first Sunday of Sliba is always considered as the fourth Sunday of the combined season. The season of Moses always has four weeks.

Feast celebrated during the seasons:
* [[feast of the Cross|Feast of the glorious Cross]]

The following feasts are commemorated in the seasons of Eliyah-Sliba-Moses
* Feast of [[Nativity of Mary]] on September 8 and the eight-day fast in preparation for the feast

=====Dedication of the church (Qudas Edta)=====
The weeks of the dedication of the church is the last liturgical season in the East Syriac rite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://marthommamargam.blogspot.com/2013/04/17-weeks-of-dedication-of-church-qudas.html?m=1|title = Mar Toma Margam: 17. Weeks of Dedication of the Church (Qudas - Edta)|date = April 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dukhrana.in/period-of-the-dedication-of-the-church-qudas-edta/|title = Period of the Dedication of the Church (Qudas Edta) – Dukhrana}}</ref> It consists of four weeks and ends on the Saturday before Sunday between November 27 and December 3. The theme of the season is that the church is presented by Christ as his eternal bride before his father at the heavenly bride chamber. The period has its origin in the feast of the dedication of the church of Sephelcure or the Jewish feast of Hanukkah. However, the season was officially instituted by Patriarch Isho-Yahb III of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (647–657) by separating it from the season of Moses.<ref>Rabban Brik-lso, Preface to Hudra in Cambridge Add. 1981, 4v; J. Mateos, Lelya-Sapra, 463–464.</ref>

Feasts celebrated during the season:
* Feast of dedication of the church on 1st Sunday of Qudas Edta
* [[Feast of Christ the King]] on last Sunday of Qudas Edta (Celebrated only in eastern catholic churches of the rite since pope [[Pius XI]] instituted it in Roman-rite).