Editing Lisbon (section)

===Roman era===
{{Main|Olisipo}}
[[File:CercaMouraTorreAlfama (cropped).JPG|thumb|left|Part of the ''Cerca Velha'' (Old Wall), originally built by the Romans<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.publico.pt/2001/10/11/jornal/cerca-moura-de-lisboa-afinal-e-romana-162871 |title=Cerca Moura de Lisboa afinal é romana |date=11 October 2001 |publisher=publico.pt |work=Francisco Nieves |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805134705/https://www.publico.pt/2001/10/11/jornal/cerca-moura-de-lisboa-afinal-e-romana-162871 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Following the defeat of [[Hannibal]] in 202 BC during the [[Punic wars]], the Romans determined to deprive [[Carthage]] of its most valuable possession: [[Hispania]] (the Iberian Peninsula). The defeat of Carthaginian forces by [[Scipio Africanus]] in Eastern Hispania allowed the pacification of the west, led by Consul [[Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus]]. Decimus obtained the alliance of [[Olisipo|Olissipo]] (which sent men to fight alongside the Roman Legions against the northwestern Celtic tribes) by integrating it into the empire, as the ''Municipium Cives Romanorum Felicitas Julia''. Local authorities were granted self-rule over a territory that extended {{cvt|50|km|mi|abbr=off}}; exempt from taxes, its citizens were given the privileges of Roman citizenship,<ref name="Livermore1973" /> and it was then integrated with the Roman province of [[Lusitania]] (whose capital was [[Emerita Augusta]]).

[[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]] raids and rebellions during Roman occupation required the construction of a wall around the settlement. During [[Augustus]]' reign, the Romans also built a great theatre; the Cassian Baths (underneath ''Rua da Prata''); temples to [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], [[Cybele]], [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]] and Idea [[Phrygia]]e (an uncommon cult from [[Asia Minor]]), in addition to temples to the Emperor; a large [[necropolis]] under ''[[Praça da Figueira]]''; a large forum and other buildings such as [[insula (building)|insulae]] (multi-storied apartment buildings) in the area between Castle Hill and the historic city core. Many of these ruins were first unearthed during the mid-18th century (when the recent discovery of [[Pompeii]] made Roman archaeology fashionable among Europe's upper classes).

The city prospered as [[piracy]] was eliminated and technological advances were introduced, consequently ''Felicitas Julia'' became a center of trade with the Roman provinces of [[Roman Britain|Britannia]] (particularly [[Cornwall]]) and the [[Rhine]]. Economically strong, Olissipo was known for its [[garum]] (a fish sauce highly prized by the elites of the empire and exported in [[amphora]]e to Rome), wine, salt, and horse-breeding, while Roman culture permeated the hinterland. The city was connected by a broad road to Western Hispania's two other large cities, [[Bracara Augusta]] in the province of [[Tarraconensis]] (Portuguese [[Braga]]), and [[Emerita Augusta]], the capital of [[Lusitania]]. The city was ruled by an [[oligarchy|oligarchical]] council dominated by two families, the Julii and the Cassiae, although regional authority was administered by the Roman Governor of Emerita or directly by Emperor [[Tiberius]]. Among the majority of [[Latin]] speakers lived a large minority of Greek traders and slaves.

Olissipo, like most great cities in the Western Empire, was a center for the dissemination of Christianity. Its first attested [[Patriarch of Lisbon|Bishop]] was Potamius (c. 356), and there were several [[martyr]]s during the period of persecution of the Christians: [[Holy Martyrs of Lisbon|Verissimus, Maxima, and Julia]] are the most significant examples. By the time of the [[Fall of Rome]], Olissipo had become a notable Christian center.

{{wide image|CastleSaintGeorge.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|[[São Jorge Castle]] and the surrounding neighborhoods of [[Castelo (Lisbon)|Castelo]], Mouraria, and [[Alfama]]}}