Editing Liquid-crystal display (section)

===Background===
{{Main|Liquid crystal|Thin-film transistor}}

In 1888,<ref>
{{Cite book
 | title = Supramolecular Chemistry
 | edition = 2nd
 | author1=Jonathan W. Steed |author2=Jerry L. Atwood
 | name-list-style=amp| publisher = John Wiley and Sons
 |date= 2009
 | isbn = 978-0-470-51234-0
 | page = 844
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt1I74g6_28C&q=liquid-crystal%201888&pg=PA844
}}</ref> [[Friedrich Reinitzer]] (1858–1927) discovered the liquid crystalline nature of cholesterol extracted from carrots (that is, two melting points and generation of colors) and published his findings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reinitzer |first=Friedrich |date=1888 |title=Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Cholesterins |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/232475 |journal=Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften |language=de |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=421–441 |doi=10.1007/BF01516710 |s2cid=97166902 |issn=0026-9247 |access-date=December 28, 2023 |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522005841/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/232475 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1904, [[Otto Lehmann (physicist)|Otto Lehmann]] published his work ''"Flüssige Kristalle"'' (Liquid Crystals). In 1911, [[Charles Mauguin]] first experimented with liquid crystals confined between plates in thin layers.

In 1922, [[Georges Friedel]] described the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in three types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). In 1927, [[Vsevolod Frederiks]] devised the electrically switched light valve, called the [[Fréedericksz transition]], the essential effect of all LCD technology. In 1936, the [[Marconi Company|Marconi Wireless Telegraph company]] patented the first practical application of the technology, ''"The Liquid Crystal Light Valve"''. In 1962, the first major English language publication ''Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals'' was published by Dr. [[George Gray (chemist)|George W. Gray]].<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1039/a902682g |title=Liquid crystals for twisted nematic display devices |date=1999 |last1=Gray |first1=George W. |last2=Kelly |first2=Stephen M. |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry |volume=9 |pages=2037–2050|issue=9}}</ref> In 1962, Richard Williams of [[RCA]] found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what are now called "Williams domains" inside the liquid crystal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=R. |date=1963 | title=Domains in liquid crystals | journal=J. Phys. Chem. | volume=39 | issue=2 |pages=382–388 |doi=10.1063/1.1734257 |bibcode=1963JChPh..39..384W }}</ref>

Building on early [[MOSFET]]s, [[Paul K. Weimer]] at [[RCA]] developed the [[thin-film transistor]] (TFT) in 1962.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weimer |first1=Paul K. |author1-link=Paul K. Weimer |title=The TFT A New Thin-Film Transistor |journal=[[Proceedings of the IRE]] |date=1962 |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=1462–1469 |doi=10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288190 |s2cid=51650159 |issn=0096-8390}}</ref> It was a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET.<ref name="Kimizuka">{{cite book |last1=Kimizuka |first1=Noboru |last2=Yamazaki |first2=Shunpei |title=Physics and Technology of Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor CAAC-IGZO: Fundamentals |date=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781119247401 |page=217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_iTRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA217}}</ref>