Editing Libertarian socialism (section)

== History ==
The roots of libertarian socialism extend back to the [[classical radicalism]] of the [[early modern period]],{{Sfn|Long|1998|p=305}} claiming the English [[Levellers]] and the French [[Encyclopédistes]] as their intellectual forerunners, and admiring figures of the [[Age of Enlightenment]] such as [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[Thomas Paine]].{{Sfn|Long|1998|p=310}} According to [[Mikhail Bakunin]] and [[Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis]], while authoritarian socialism had its origins in [[German Confederation|Germany]], libertarian socialism was born in [[French Second Republic|France]].{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=484}} The modern foundations of libertarian socialism lay in the [[utopian socialism]] expounded by [[Charles Fourier]], [[Robert Owen]] and [[Henri de Saint-Simon]], who envisioned a [[democratic socialism]] guided by [[communitarianism]], [[moralism]] and [[feminism]].{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=139–140}}

===Emergence===
[[File:Bakunin_Nadar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mikhail Bakunin]], leader of the libertarian socialist faction of the [[International Workingmen's Association]]]]
Libertarian socialism first emerged from the [[Anarchist St. Imier International|anti-authoritarian faction]] of the [[International Workingmen's Association]] (IWA), after it was expelled from the organisation by the [[Marxism|Marxist faction]] at the [[Hague Congress (1872)|Hague Congress]] of 1872.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=138}} The libertarian socialist [[Mikhail Bakunin]] had rejected [[Karl Marx]]'s calls for a "[[dictatorship of the proletariat]]", as he predicted it would only create a [[New class|new ruling class]], composed of a privileged minority, which would use the state to oppress the working classes. He concluded that: "no [[dictatorship]] can have any other aim than to perpetuate itself, and it can only give rise to and instill slavery in the people that tolerates it."{{Sfn|Long|1998|p=320}} Marxists responded to this by insisting on the eventual "[[withering away of the state]]", in which society would transition from [[dictatorship]] to [[anarchy]], in an apparent attempt to synthesise authoritarian and libertarian forms of socialism.{{Sfn|Long|1998|pp=320–321}}

This put libertarian socialists into direct [[competition]] with [[social democracy|social democrats]] and [[communism|communists]] for influence over [[left-wing politics]], in a contest which lasted for over fifty years.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=138}} Libertarian socialism proved attractive to British writers such as [[Edward Carpenter]],{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|pp=168–169}}<ref name="n618">{{cite journal |last=Salveson |first=Paul |title=Loving Comrades: Lancashire's Links to Walt Whitman |journal=Walt Whitman Quarterly Review |volume=14 |issue=2–3 |date=1 October 1996 |issn=0737-0679 |doi=10.13008/2153-3695.1500 |pages=57–84}}</ref><ref name="b879">{{cite web |author=Sally Goldsmith |title=Edward Carpenter |website=Totley History Group |date=23 March 1929 |url=https://www.totleyhistorygroup.org.uk/people-of-interest/edward-carpenter/ |access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref> [[Oscar Wilde]],{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=180}} and [[William Morris]], the latter of whom developed a kind of libertarian socialism based in a strong [[critique]] of [[civilisation]], which he aimed to overthrow and replace with what he called a "beautiful society".{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=171}} Morris drove the development of [[impossibilism]], which became increasingly concerned with the [[bureaucrat]]isation and [[moderation]] of the socialist movement, leading to the establishment of the [[Socialist Party of Great Britain]].{{Sfn|Ojeili|2001|p=403}}

By the early 20th century, libertarian socialists had gained a leading influence over the left-wing in the [[Netherlands]], [[French Third Republic|France]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] and went on to play major roles in the [[Mexican Revolution|Mexican]] and [[Russian Revolution]]s.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=138}} In India, the libertarian socialist tradition was represented in the early twentieth century anti-colonial movement by [[Bhagat Singh]].<ref name="y787">{{cite web | last=Drèze | first=Jean | title=Anarchism in India | website=RAIOT | date=3 October 2015 | url=https://raiot.in/anarchism-in-india/ | access-date=9 September 2024 | archive-date=9 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909164440/https://raiot.in/anarchism-in-india/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Russian Revolution ===
[[File:A_Vörös_Gárda_Péterváron_1917-ben.jpg|thumb|right|[[Anarchism in Russia|Russian anarchist]] militiamen marching in formation during the [[Russian Revolution|1917 Revolution]]]]
Russian libertarian socialists, including [[Anarchism in Russia|anarchists]], [[Narodniks|populists]] and [[Left Socialist-Revolutionaries|left socialist-revolutionaries]], led the opposition to the [[Tsarist autocracy]] throughout the late-19th century.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=141}} They created a network of both clandestine and legal organisations throughout Russia, with the aim of overthrowing the [[Russian nobility]] and bringing land under the [[common ownership]] of the [[Obshchina|mir]]. Their agitation for [[land reform]] in the Russian countryside culminated with the establishment of rural [[Soviet (council)|soviets]] during the [[1905 Russian Revolution|1905 Revolution]].{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=141–142}}

Anarchists also organised among the urban [[proletariat]], forming clandestine [[factory committee]]s that proved more attractive to revolution-minded workers than the more [[reformism|reformist]] [[trade union]]s favoured by the [[Bolsheviks]]. During the [[Russian Revolution|1917 Revolution]], in which libertarian socialists played a leading role, the Bolsheviks changed tack and adopted elements of the libertarian socialist programme in their appeals to the workers. But by 1919, the new Bolshevik government had come to view the libertarian socialists as a threat to their power and moved to eliminate their influence. Libertarian socialist organisations were banned and many of their members were arrested, deported to [[Siberia]] or executed by the [[Cheka]].{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=142}}

The [[Revolutions of 1917–1923]] ended in defeat for the libertarian socialists, with either the social democrats, the Bolsheviks or [[nationalism|nationalists]] rising to power. Libertarian socialists responded by reevaluating their positions, emphasising mass organisation over [[intellectual]] [[vanguard]]ism and [[revolutionary spontaneity]] over [[substitutionism]].{{Sfn|Ojeili|2001|p=400}} They also came to conceive the "[[dictatorship of the proletariat]]" as a form of class power, rather than as the dictatorship of a political party. Many Marxists of the period were attracted to this position, including [[Rosa Luxemburg]] in Germany, [[Antonie Pannekoek]] in the Netherlands, [[Sylvia Pankhurst]] in Britain, [[György Lukács]] in Hungary and [[Antonio Gramsci]] in Italy.{{Sfn|Ojeili|2001|pp=403–404}}

=== Spanish Revolution ===
[[File:Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png|thumb|right|[[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish anarchist]] [[Milicianas in the Spanish Civil War|militiawomen]] during the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936|1936 Revolution]]]]
Libertarian socialism reached its apex of popularity with the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]], during which libertarian socialists led "the largest and most successful revolution against capitalism to ever take place in any [[industrial economy]]".{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=138}}

In Spain, traditional forms of [[workers' self-management|self-management]] and [[common ownership]] dated back to the 15th century. The [[Levante, Spain|Levante]], where collective self-management of irrigation was commonplace, became the hotbed of anarchist collectivisation.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=143}} Building on this traditional [[collectivism]], from 1876, the Spanish libertarian socialist movement grew through sustained agitation and the establishment of alternative institutions that culminated in the Spanish Revolution.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=144–145}} During this period, a series of workers' congresses, first convoked by the [[Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA]], debated and refined proposals for the construction of a libertarian socialist society. Over several decades, resolutions from these congresses formed the basis of a specific program on a range of issues, from the structure of communes and the post-revolutionary economy to libertarian cultural and artistic initiatives.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=145–146}} These proposals were published in the pages of widely distributed libertarian socialist periodicals, such as ''[[Solidaridad Obrera (periodical)|Solidaridad Obrera]]'' and ''[[Tierra y Libertad (newspaper)|Tierra y Libertad]]'', which each circulated tens of thousands of copies. By the outbreak of the revolution, the anarcho-syndicalist [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]] (CNT) enjoyed widespread popularity, counting 1.5 million members within its ranks.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=146}}

During the revolution, the [[means of production]] were brought under [[workers' control]] and [[worker cooperative]]s formed the basis for the new economy.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=145}} According to [[Gaston Leval]], the CNT established an agrarian federation in the Levante that encompassed 78% of Spain's most [[arable land]]. The regional federation was populated by 1,650,000 people, 40% of whom lived on the region's 900 agrarian collectives, which were self-organised by peasant unions.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=143–144}}

Although industrial and agricultural production was at its highest in the anarchist-controlled areas of the Spanish Republic, and the [[confederal militias|anarchist militias]] displayed the strongest military discipline, liberals and Communists alike blamed the "[[Sectarianism|sectarian]]" libertarian socialists for the defeat of the Republic in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. These charges have been disputed by contemporary libertarian socialists, such as [[Robin Hahnel]] and [[Noam Chomsky]], who have accused such claims of lacking substantial evidence.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=146–147}}

=== Decline ===
Following the defeat of the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republicans]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]], libertarian socialism fell into decline.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=138–139}} [[Left-wing politics]] throughout the world came to be dominated either by [[social democracy]] or [[Marxism-Leninism]], which attained power in a number of countries and thus had the means to support their ideological allies. In contrast, Hahnel argues, libertarian socialists were not able to gain influence within the labour movement. At a time when reformist trade unions were consistently winning concessions, the libertarian socialists' anti-reformist message gained little traction. Their platform of workers' self-management also failed to appeal to industrial workers.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=147}} Until the 1960s, libertarian socialists were limited mostly to making critiques of [[authoritarian socialism]] and [[capitalism]], although Hahnel asserts that these arguments were largely overshadowed by those from [[neoconservatism|neoconservatives]] and [[Marxism|Marxists]] respectively.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=147–148}}

=== New Left ===
[[File:Prof_dr_Noam_Chomsky,_Bestanddeelnr_929-4752.jpg|thumb|right|[[Noam Chomsky]], the most prominent advocate of libertarian socialism in the [[New Left]]]]
Libertarian socialist themes received a revival during the 1960s, when it was reconstituted as part of the nascent [[New Left]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Hahnel|1y=2005|1p=148|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=540}} This revival occurred largely unconsciously, as new leftists were often unaware of their libertarian socialist predecessors. The concepts of [[grassroots democracy]], [[workers' control]], [[solidarity]] and [[autonomy]] were thus reinvented by the new generation.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=148}} They also picked up the principles of [[decentralisation]], [[participatory democracy]] and [[mutual aid (organization theory)|mutual aid]].{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=541}} These libertarian socialist themes drove the growth of the New Left, which by this point was disillusioned by the mainstream social democratic and Marxist-Leninist political groupings, due to the capitalistic tendencies of the former and the rigid authoritarianism of the latter.{{Sfnm|1a1=Hahnel|1y=2005|1p=148|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=540}}

Sociologist [[C. Wright Mills]], who displayed strong libertarian socialist tendencies in his appeals to the New Left, reformulated Marxism for the modern age in his work on ''[[The Power Elite]]'' (1956). [[Wilhelm Reich]]'s [[Freudo-Marxism|Freudo-Marxist]] theses on the [[authoritarian personality]] were also rediscovered by the New Left, who developed his programme for individual [[self-governance]] into a [[anarchism and education|libertarian system of education]] used by the [[Summerhill School]].{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|pp=540–541}} Drawing on the Freudo-Marxist conception of [[civilisation]] as "organised domination", [[Herbert Marcuse]] developed a critique of [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]] in modern Western societies, concluding that [[creativity]] and [[political dissent]] had been undermined by social [[Repression (psychoanalysis)|repression]]. Meanwhile, [[Lewis Mumford]] published denunciations of the [[military-industrial complex]] and [[Paul Goodman]] advocated for decentralisation.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=541}} In the process, the new generation of Marxists gravitated towards libertarian tendencies, sometimes closely resembling anarchism. Following on from Marcuse, [[Daniel Cohn-Bendit]], [[E. P. Thompson]], [[Raymond Williams]] and [[Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)|Stuart Hall]] all adopted forms of "libertarian Marxism", opposed to the bureaucracy and parliamentarism of statist tendencies.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|pp=541–542}}

A specific and explicit libertarian socialist tendency also began to emerge. While some more libertarian Marxists adopted the term in order to distinguish themselves from authoritarian socialists,{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=641}} anarchists began calling themselves "libertarian socialist" in order to avoid the negative connotations associated with anarchism.{{Sfnm|1a1=Boraman|1y=2012|1p=257|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=641}} The libertarian socialist [[Daniel Guérin]] specifically attempted to synthesise anarchism and Marxism into a single tendency, which inspired the growth of the French libertarian communist movement.{{Sfn|Berry|2012|p=199}} For a time, even the American [[anarcho-capitalism|anarcho-capitalist]] theorist [[Murray Rothbard]] attempted to make common cause with libertarian socialists, but later shifted away from socialism and towards [[right-wing populism]].{{Sfn|Long|1998|p=310n17}}

Many libertarian socialists of this period were particularly influenced by the analysis of [[Cornelius Castoriadis]]<ref name="Lefort">[[Claude Lefort]], ''Writing: The Political Test'', Duke University Press, 2000, Translator's Foreword by David Ames Curtis, p. xxiv, "Castoriadis, the historian [[Pierre Vidal-Naquet]], now Lefort ... are themselves quite articulate in their own right and historically associated with a libertarian socialist outlook..."</ref><ref name="e319">{{cite journal | last=Ojeili | first=Chamsy | title=Post-Marxism with Substance: Castoriadis and the Autonomy Project | journal=New Political Science | volume=23 | issue=2 | date=2001b | issn=0739-3148 | doi=10.1080/07393140120054047 | pages=225–239|quote=Receiving his political inheritance from the broad libertarian socialist tradition, Castoriadis continues to challenge the domination of state and capital and to insist on the liberatory possibilities of direct democracy. }}</ref> and his group [[Socialisme ou Barbarie]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Boraman|1y=2012|1p=252|2a1=Cornell|2y=2012|2p=177}} This new generation included the non-vanguardist Marxist organisation [[Facing Reality]],{{Sfn|Cornell|2012|p=177}} the British libertarian socialist group [[Solidarity (UK)|Solidarity]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Boraman|1y=2012|1pp=252, 257|2a1=Cornell|2y=2012|2p=177|3a1=Marshall|3y=2008|3p=495}}<ref name="l362">{{cite web | title=What is libertarian socialism? An interview with Ken Weller | website=libcom.org | date=26 October 2015 | url=https://libcom.org/article/what-libertarian-socialism-interview-ken-weller | access-date=11 September 2024 | archive-date=24 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324152354/https://libcom.org/article/what-libertarian-socialism-interview-ken-weller | url-status=live }}</ref> and the Australian councilists of the Self-Management Group.{{Sfn|Boraman|2012|pp=251–271}} Some of this new generation of libertarian socialists also joined the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW), swelling the old union's numbers, organising agricultural workers and launching a new journal, ''The Rebel Worker''.{{Sfn|Cornell|2012|p=177}} This libertarian socialist milieu, with their criticisms of [[democratic centralism]] and [[trade union]]ism, and their advocacy of [[workers' self-management]] and [[Soviet democracy|council democracy]], went on to inspire the French [[Situationist International|situationists]] and Italian [[Autonomism|autonomists]].{{Sfn|Cornell|2012|pp=177–178}}

Of the figures in the New Left, the American linguist [[Noam Chomsky]] became the most prominent spokesperson for libertarian socialism.{{Sfn|Long|1998|p=305}} Inspired by the [[humanism]] of [[Bertrand Russell]], the [[individualism]] of [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]] and the [[syndicalism]] of [[Rudolf Rocker]], Chomsky championed a libertarian socialism that upheld individual [[liberty]] and [[self-ownership]].{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=578}} Chomsky has been outspoken advocate of [[anti-authoritarianism]], opposing limits on individual freedoms by the state.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|pp=578–579}} He has also focused much of his libertarian socialist critique on [[mass media in the United States]], due to its role in the military-industrial complex.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=579}}

While most sections of the New Left expressed a form of libertarian socialism, others were instead being inspired by the [[Cuban Revolution|Cuban]] and [[Chinese Communist Revolution]]s to embrace forms of [[authoritarian socialism]] such as [[Maoism–Third Worldism]].{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|pp=542}} As such, according to Hahnel, the New Left failed to form a coherent ideological program or establish lasting support to carry forward the momentum of the late 1960s, resulting in many dropping out of [[activism]] altogether.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=148–149}}

===New social movements===
A minority from the New Left continued their radical activism within the [[new social movements]] of the 1970s and 1980s, becoming involved in [[second-wave feminism]], the [[gay liberation movement]], [[environmental movement]] and eventually the [[anti-globalization movement]].{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=148–149}} In this period, many libertarian socialists, such as [[Murray Bookchin]], Cornelius Castoriadis, [[André Gorz]], [[Ivan Illich]], E.P. Thompson and [[Raymond Williams]], were committed to " in rethinking what socialism might come to mean in an age of ecological limit".<ref name="p794">{{cite journal | last=Stevenson | first=Nick | title=Raymond Williams and the possibilities of 'committed' late Marxism | journal=Key Words: A Journal of Cultural Materialism | publisher=The Raymond Williams Society | volume=16 | date=12 July 2018 | issn=1369-9725 | url=https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/index.php/output/912158/raymond-williams-and-the-possibilities-of-committed-late-marxism | access-date=13 September 2024 | page=}}</ref>

According to Robin Hahnel, new social movements continued the New Left's tendency of failing to develop a "comprehensive libertarian socialist theory and practice". Libertarian socialist activism became focused on achieving practical reforms and theoretical developments centred around common "core values" such as [[economic democracy]], [[economic justice]] and [[sustainable development]], without building a coherent critique of capitalism.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=149}} Activists from the 1970s and 1980s influenced by libertarian socialism did not advance coherent alternatives to markets and central planning, and had no reformist campaign. Eventually, Hahnel argues, they turned to traditional [[single-issue campaigns]] and abandoned their "big picture" libertarian socialist approach.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CI5d2CpL60oC&pg=PA149 149]}}

These movements were somewhat successful in achieving their goals: the movements for gay and [[women's liberation movement|women's rights]] changed societal outlook on [[gender oppression]]; the [[anti-racism|anti-racist movement]] proved it necessary to tackle the social aspects of [[racialisation]]; the [[anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist movement]] reconceived of anti-imperialism outside of economic terms; and the [[environmentalist movement]] launched a wave of ecological defense and restoration. Together, Hahnel argues, they broke from the [[class reductionism]] prevalent in traditional forms of libertarian socialism, proving intersectional oppressions other than class also demanded attention.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=150–151}} Through the new social movements, libertarian socialism developed an awareness of different aspects of oppression, beyond class analysis.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=151}}

===Contemporary era===
Libertarian socialism again received a revival of interest in the wake of the [[Revolutions of 1989|fall of communism]] and concurrent rise of [[neoliberalism]].{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=138–139}} It proved particularly attractive to people from the former [[Eastern Bloc]], who saw it as an alternative both to western capitalism and Marxism-Leninism.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=660}} Since the end of the [[Cold War]], there have been two major experiments in libertarian socialism: the [[Zapatista uprising]] in [[Mexico]] and the [[Rojava conflict|Rojava Revolution]] in [[Syria]].{{Sfn|Pinta|Kinna|Prichard|Berry|2017}} 

In reaction against the implementation of the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) and the [[privatisation]] of [[Indigenous land rights#Mexico|indigenous lands]] by the Mexican state, in 1994, the [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation]] (EZLN) rose up against the government,<ref name="DJILP"/> enabling the formation of a [[self-governance|self-governing]] [[Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities|autonomous territory]] in the Mexican state of [[Chiapas]].{{Sfn|Pinta|Kinna|Prichard|Berry|2017}}<ref name="DJILP"/><ref name="Radio"/> The Zapatistas have roundly rejected [[Sectarianism#Political sectarianism|political sectarianism]] and [[Doctrine#Political usage|ideological doctrine]], including the [[state socialism|state socialist]] model of seizing state power, with spokesman [[Subcomandante Marcos]] famously declaring "I shit on all the revolutionary vanguards of this planet."{{Sfn|Pinta|Kinna|Prichard|Berry|2017}} As such, they have commonly been characterised as libertarian socialist,{{Sfn|Pinta|Kinna|Prichard|Berry|2017}}<ref name="Radio">{{Cite journal |last=Woodman |first=Stephen |date=December 2018 |title=From armed rebellion to radical radio |journal=Index on Censorship |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=73 |doi=10.1177/0306422018819354 |issn=0306-4220|doi-access=free }}<!-- Verified: describes the Zapatistas as "libertarian-socialist." --></ref> or inspired by libertarian socialism.<ref name="DJILP">{{Cite web |last=Plasters |first=Bree |date=January 9, 2014 |title=Critical Analysis: The Zapatista Rebellion: 20 Years Later |url=http://djilp.org/critical-analysis-the-zapatista-rebellion-20-years-later/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604173839/http://djilp.org/critical-analysis-the-zapatista-rebellion-20-years-later/ |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |access-date=July 23, 2023 |website=Denver Journal of International Law & Policy |publisher=[[University of Denver]] Sturm College of Law |language=en-US}} <!-- Verified: describes the Zapatistas as having drawn from "libertarian socialism". --></ref><ref name="IUSTA">{{Cite journal |last=Cardozo |first=Mario Hurtado |date=2017-09-23 |title=Crisis de la forma jurídica y el despertar antisistémico: una mirada desde el pluralismo jurídico de las Juntas de Buen Gobierno (jbg) |url=https://revistas.usantotomas.edu.co/index.php/iusta/article/view/3810 |journal=IUSTA |volume=2 |language=es |issue=47 |pages=28 |doi=10.15332/s1900-0448.2017.0047.04 |issn=2500-5286 |doi-access=free |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723061447/https://revistas.usantotomas.edu.co/index.php/iusta/article/view/3810 |url-status=live }} <!-- Verified: describes the Zapatistas as inspired by "socialismo libertario". --></ref><!-- More sources that describe the Zapatistas as inspired by "libertarian socialism":
* {{Cite web |last=Univision |title=El gobierno de Salinas de Gortari buscó una salida militar para acabar con los zapatistas |url=https://www.univision.com/noticias/noticias-de-mexico/el-gobierno-de-salinas-de-gortari-busco-una-salida-militar-para-acabar-con-los-zapatistas |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=[[Univision]] |language=spanish}}
* {{Cite web |title=EZLN: a 39 años de la creación del grupo revolucionario que desafió al gobierno priísta |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2022/11/17/ezln-a-39-anos-de-la-creacion-del-grupo-revolucionario-que-desafio-al-gobierno-priista/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=[[Infobae]] |language=es-ES}}
* {{Cite web |last= |date=2020-09-11 |title=Mexico: Zapatistas launch caravan for indigenous life |url=https://freedomnews.org.uk/2020/09/11/mexico-zapatistas-launch-caravan-for-indigenous-life/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |publisher=[[Freedom (British newspaper)|Freedom News]] |language=en-GB}}--> They have in turn become a source of inspiration for libertarian socialists, including the [[Autonomism|autonomist Marxists]] [[Harry Cleaver]] and [[John Holloway (sociologist)|John Holloway]], as well as some anarchists.{{Sfn|Pinta|Kinna|Prichard|Berry|2017}}

In 2012, the [[Rojava Revolution]] established the [[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria]] (AANES; or "Rojava") to put "libertarian socialist ideas ... into practice",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Colella |first=Chris |date=Winter 2017 |title=The Rojava Revolution: Oil, Water, and Liberation – Commodities, Conflict, and Cooperation |url=https://sites.evergreen.edu/ccc/other/the-rojava-revolution/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=Commodities, Conflict, and Cooperation |publisher=[[Evergreen State College]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723092142/https://sites.evergreen.edu/ccc/other/the-rojava-revolution/ |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- Verified: Describes Rojava as practising "libertarian socialism". --> and whose [[Cantons of Rojava|cantons]] present themselves as a "libertarian socialist alternative to the colonially established state boundaries in the Middle East."{{Sfn|Pinta|Kinna|Prichard|Berry|2017}}<!-- Verified: Describes Rojava as "libertarian socialist". --> Various sources have drawn parallels between the Rojava Revolution and the Zapatista uprising of 1994<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Savran |first=Yagmur |date=2016 |title=The Rojava Revolution and British Solidarity |url=https://journals.lwbooks.co.uk/anarchiststudies/vol-24-issue-1/abstract-9306/ |journal=Anarchist Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |via=[[Lawrence & Wishart]] |access-date=2023-07-23 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723100914/https://journals.lwbooks.co.uk/anarchiststudies/vol-24-issue-1/abstract-9306/ |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- Verified: Describes Rojava as having implemented "libertarian socialism". --> or the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]],<ref name="Aretaios">{{Cite web |last=Aretaios |first=Evangelos |date=March 15, 2015 |title=The Rojava revolution |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/rojava-revolution/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=openDemocracy |language=en |archive-date=2017-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221052628/https://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/evangelos-aretaios/rojava-revolution |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- Verified: Describes Rojava as influenced by the "libertarian socialist" ideas of Murray Bookchin. --> and noted the influence of libertarian socialist Murray Bookchin, specifically his concept of [[libertarian municipalism]], on the revolution.<ref name="unitedexplanations">{{cite web | url=https://unitedexplanations.org/english/2016/01/18/what-is-municipalism-and-why-is-it-gaining-presence-in-spain/ | title=United Explanations – What is municipalism and why is it gaining presence in Spain? | date=18 January 2016 | access-date=9 September 2024 | archive-date=9 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909115833/https://unitedexplanations.org/english/2016/01/18/what-is-municipalism-and-why-is-it-gaining-presence-in-spain/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Aretaios"/>

Libertarian socialist ideas have influenced some currents of the [[anti-austerity movement|anti-austerity]] and [[Municipalism|new municipalist]] movements, such as [[Ada Colau]]'s [[Barcelona en Comú]] party, in which they ally with [[democratic socialism|democratic socialists]].<ref name="r132">{{cite book | last=Davies | first=Jonathan S. | title=Between Realism and Revolt: Governing Cities in the Crisis of Neoliberal Globalism | publisher=Bristol University Press | date=24 March 2021 | isbn=978-1-5292-1093-4 | doi=10.2307/j.ctv1jf2c6b | page=27, 129, 139 | quote=a heterodox array of egalitarian anti-austerity forces re-emerged across Europe and the USA, including “new municipalist” currents (Russell, 2019; Thompson, 2020). These currents... have been influenced mainly by network-theoretical ideas linked to Anarchist, [[Altermondialiste]] and libertarian socialist traditions, in which solidarity is anchored by affinity (Day, 2005)... These themes have continued to influence struggles for the past 20 years, including anti-austerity movements and new municipalisms in which anarchist and libertarian socialist traditions ally uneasily with institutionalist and state-friendly variants of democratic socialism (Taylor, 2013; Barcelona en Comú, 2019).}}</ref> 

In [[Chile]], there have been several libertarian socialist movements active since the 2010s in groups including [[Libertarian Left (Chile)|Libertarian Left]] and the [[Broad Front (Chilean political coalition)|Broad Front]] (FA).<ref name="Chile">{{cite web | title=Interview: The anarchists of Chile | website=Freedom News | date=8 January 2019 | url=https://freedomnews.org.uk/2019/01/08/interview-the-anarchists-of-chile/ | access-date=9 September 2024 | archive-date=9 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909140458/https://freedomnews.org.uk/2019/01/08/interview-the-anarchists-of-chile/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gabriel Boric]] founded [[Social Convergence]] in 2018, bringing together the [[Autonomist Movement]], [[Libertarian Left (Chile)|Libertarian Left]] and other libertarian socialist groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcn.cl/historiapolitica/partidos_politicos/wiki/Partido_Convergencia_Social|title=Partidos, movimientos y coaliciones: Partido Convergencia Social|date=2020|publisher=[[Library of Congress of Chile|Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile]]|language=es|access-date=2024-04-25|archive-date=2024-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304083823/https://www.bcn.cl/historiapolitica/partidos_politicos/wiki/Partido_Convergencia_Social|url-status=live}}</ref> Boric, who describes himself as libertarian socialist, was [[2021 Chilean general election|elected president in 2021]].<ref name="o709">{{cite news | author=The Economist | title=A new group of left-wing presidents takes over in Latin America | newspaper=The Economist | date=12 March 2022 | url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/03/12/a-new-group-of-left-wing-presidents-takes-over-in-latin-america | access-date=17 August 2024 | quote=WHEN GABRIEL BORIC, who is 36 and calls himself a “libertarian socialist”, is sworn in as Chile’s president on March 11th it will mark the most radical reshaping of his country’s politics in more than 30 years. | archive-date=13 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913100345/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/03/12/a-new-group-of-left-wing-presidents-takes-over-in-latin-america | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite interview |last=Boric |first=Gabriel |interviewer=Andrea Vial Herrera |title=No espero que las élites estén de acuerdo conmigo, pero sí que dejen de tenernos miedo |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-60083855 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318154851/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-60083855 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |url-status=live |work=BBC News Mundo |location=Santiago de Chile |date=21 January 2022 |language=es|quote=Yo provengo de la tradición socialista libertaria americanista chilena. }}</ref><ref name="a527">{{cite web | title=Can a rise of leftist leaders bring real change to Latin America? | website=Al Jazeera | date=23 March 2022 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2022/3/23/can-a-rise-of-leftist-leaders-bring-real-change-to-latin-america | access-date=17 August 2024 | quote=Boric, who considers himself a libertarian-socialist | archive-date=12 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412181339/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2022/3/23/can-a-rise-of-leftist-leaders-bring-real-change-to-latin-america | url-status=live }}</ref>