Editing Leonard Bernstein (section)

== Career ==
=== 1940s: Rise to prominence ===
Soon after he left Curtis, Bernstein moved to New York City where he lived in various apartments in [[Manhattan]]. Bernstein supported himself by coaching singers, teaching piano,<ref name=Witemeyer>{{cite web |last1=Witemeyer |first1=Barbara |title=Dentist to the Stars (comment, row 5, box 3) |url=https://leonardbernstein.com/memories?page=5 |website=Leonard Bernstein: Memories |publisher=Leonard Bernstein Office |access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> and playing the piano for dance classes in [[Carnegie Hall]]. He found work with Harms-Witmark, transcribing jazz and pop music and publishing his work under the pseudonym "Lenny Amber". (''Bernstein'' means "[[amber]]" in German.){{sfn|Burton|1995|page=108}}

Bernstein briefly shared an apartment in [[Greenwich Village]] with his friend [[Adolph Green]]. Green was then part of a satirical music troupe called The Revuers, featuring [[Betty Comden]] and [[Judy Holliday]]. With Bernstein sometimes providing piano accompaniment, The Revuers often performed at the legendary jazz club the [[Village Vanguard]].<ref>Sargeant, Winthrop.[https://books.google.com/books?id=6E4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA107 "Judy Holliday"]''Life Magazine'', April 2, 1951.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=The Revuers |title=Night Life in New York (78rpm 12-in Set Musicraft Records #N-2) |year=1940 |url=https://www.popsike.com/NIGHT-LIFE-IN-NEW-YORK-78rpm-12inch-Set-Musicraft-Records-N2-The-Revuers/303491257382.html |website=Popsike.com |access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> On April 21, 1942, Bernstein performed the premiere of his first published work, [[Sonata for Clarinet and Piano (Bernstein)|''Sonata for Clarinet and Piano'']], with clarinetist David Glazer at the [[Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston|Institute of Modern Art]] in Boston.
{{Gallery
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|File:Leonard Bernstein and Benny Goodman in rehearsal.jpg
 |Leonard Bernstein and [[Benny Goodman]] in rehearsal, ca. 1940–1949
|File:Bernstein, Leonard (1918-1990) - 1944 - foto van Vechten2.jpg
 |Photo of Bernstein by [[Carl Van Vechten]] (1944)
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[[File:1943 Nov 14 NYPhil Bernstein.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Carnegie Hall playbill, November 14, 1943<br />Radio announcement:[[File:1943 Nov 14 NYPhil Bernstein.ogg|170px]]]]

====New York Philharmonic conducting debut====
Bernstein would later make his New York Philharmonic conducting debut. On November 14, 1943, having recently been appointed assistant conductor to [[Artur Rodziński]] of the New York Philharmonic, Bernstein made his major conducting debut at short notice—and without any rehearsal—after guest conductor [[Bruno Walter]] came down with the flu.<ref name=debut>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/71509682-511b-4ba3-8df5-e6f37af19d3d Program and recording] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917065039/http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/71509682-511b-4ba3-8df5-e6f37af19d3d |date=September 17, 2016}} (except Wagner's Prelude to ''Die Meistersinger''), New York Philharmonic Digital Archives.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodríguez |first=Pablo L. |date=December 8, 2023 |title=Seeing and hearing Leonard Bernstein at the premiere of the film 'Maestro' |url=https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-12-07/seeing-and-hearing-leonard-bernstein-at-the-premiere-of-the-film-maestro.html |access-date=June 20, 2024 |website=EL PAÍS English |language=en-us}}</ref> The challenging program included works by [[Robert Schumann]], [[Miklós Rózsa]], [[Richard Wagner]], and [[Richard Strauss]].<ref name=debut /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seldes |first=Barry |year=2011 |title=Debut performance with the New York Philharmonic – Leonard Bernstein (November 14, 1943) |url=https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/BernsteinDebutPerformance.pdf|website=Library of Congress|access-date=January 30, 2024}}</ref>

The next day, ''[[The New York Times]]'' carried the story on its front page and remarked in an editorial, "It's a good American success story. The warm, friendly triumph of it filled [[Carnegie Hall]] and spread far over the air waves."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/11/16/85134894.html?pageNumber=22|title=A Story Old and Ever New|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|page=22|date=November 16, 1943|access-date=July 18, 2023}} ([https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/11/16/85134894.pdf article])</ref> Many newspapers throughout the country carried the story, which, in combination with the concert's live national [[CBS Radio]] Network broadcast, propelled Bernstein to instant fame.<ref>{{Cite web|title=75 Years Ago Today: Bernstein's Famed Philharmonic Debut|url=http://nyphil.org/whats-new/2018/november/bernstein-debut-75-years-ago|access-date=February 17, 2021|website=nyphil.org}}</ref> Over the next two years, Bernstein made conducting debuts with ten different orchestras in the United States and Canada, greatly broadening his repertoire and initiating a lifelong frequent practice of conducting concertos from the piano.{{sfn|Burton|1995|page=142}}

On January 28, 1944, Bernstein conducted the premiere of his [[Symphony No. 1 (Bernstein)|Symphony No. 1: ''Jeremiah'']] with the [[Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra]] and soloist [[Jennie Tourel]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Symphony No. 1: Jeremiah (1942) |url=https://leonardbernstein.com/works/view/4/symphony-no-1-jeremiah |website=Leonard Bernstein Office |access-date=May 16, 2024}}</ref> In the fall of 1943, Bernstein and [[Jerome Robbins]] began work on their first collaboration, ''[[Fancy Free (ballet)|Fancy Free]]'', a ballet about three young sailors on leave in wartime New York City. ''Fancy Free'' premiered on April 18, 1944, with the [[American Ballet Theatre|Ballet Theatre (now the American Ballet Theatre)]] at the old [[Metropolitan Opera House (39th Street)|Metropolitan Opera House]], with scenery by [[Oliver Smith (designer)|Oliver Smith]] and costumes by [[Kermit Love]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fancy Free|url=https://www.nycballet.com/discover/ballet-repertory/fancy-free/|publisher=[[New York City Ballet]]}}</ref>

Bernstein and Robbins decided to expand the ballet into a musical and invited Comden and Green to write the book and lyrics. ''[[On the Town (musical)|On the Town]]'' opened on Broadway's [[Adelphi Theatre]] on December 28, 1944. The show resonated with audiences during [[World War II]], and it broke race barriers on Broadway: Japanese-American dancer [[Sono Osato]] in a leading role; a multiracial cast dancing as mixed race couples; and a Black concertmaster, [[Everett Lee]], who eventually took over as music director of the show.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oja|first=Carol J.|author-link=Carol J. Oja|title=Bernstein Meets Broadway: Collaborative Art in a Time of War|date=2014|isbn=978-0-19-986209-2|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|oclc=862780844}}</ref> ''On the Town'' became [[On the Town (film)|an MGM motion picture in 1949]], starring [[Gene Kelly]], [[Frank Sinatra]], and [[Jules Munshin]] as the three sailors. Only part of Bernstein's score was used in the film and additional songs were provided by [[Roger Edens]].<ref>{{IMDb title|tt0041716|On the Town|(1949)}}</ref>

[[File:Leonard Bernstein NYWTS 1945.jpg|thumb|upright|Bernstein conducting the New York City Symphony (1945)]]
From 1945 to 1947, Bernstein was the music director of the New York City Symphony, which had been founded the previous year by the conductor [[Leopold Stokowski]]. The orchestra (with support from Mayor Fiorello La Guardia) had modern programs and affordable tickets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leonard Bernstein Conducts the New York City Symphony at City Center {{!}} WNYC {{!}} New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News|url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/leonard-bernstein-conducts-new-york-city-symphony-city-center/|access-date=February 17, 2021|publisher=[[WNYC]]}}</ref> In 1946, Bernstein made his overseas debut with the [[Czech Philharmonic]] at the inaugural [[Prague Spring International Music Festival]].<ref name=bernstein-office-timeline>{{cite web |title=Timeline |url=https://www.leonardbernstein.com/about/timeline |website=Leonard Bernstein Office |access-date=May 16, 2024}}</ref> He also recorded Ravel's [[Piano Concerto in G major (Ravel)|Piano Concerto in G major]] as soloist and conductor with the [[Philharmonia Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Colin |title=Our history |url=https://philharmonia.co.uk/who-we-are/our-history/ |website=Philharmonia |access-date=May 16, 2024 |year=2015}}</ref> On July 4, 1946, Bernstein conducted the European premiere of ''Fancy Free'' with the Ballet Theatre at the [[Royal Opera House]] in London.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webmaster |date=July 12, 2016 |title=Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990) |url=https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/contemporaries/leonard-bernstein/ |access-date=June 20, 2024 |website=Mahler Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> On August 6 he conducted opera professionally for the first time, with the American premiere of [[Benjamin Britten]]'s ''[[Peter Grimes]]'' at Tanglewood, commissioned by Koussevitzky.<ref>{{cite web |title=An opera debut for Britten and Bernstein |url=https://www.yourclassical.org/episode/2022/08/06/an-opera-debut-for-britten-and-bernstein |website=Your Classical |access-date=May 16, 2024 |language=en |date=August 6, 2022}}</ref> That same year, [[Arturo Toscanini]] invited Bernstein to guest conduct two concerts with the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]], one of which featured Bernstein as soloist in Ravel's Piano Concerto in G major.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBD_ujAW520C&pg=PA85|title=Arturo Toscanini: the NBC years|publisher=Amadeus Press|year=2002|isbn=978-1-57467-069-1}}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}}

====Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, television debut and Tanglewood====

In 1947, Bernstein conducted in [[Tel Aviv]] for the first time, beginning a lifelong association with the [[Israel Philharmonic Orchestra]], then known as the Palestine Symphony Orchestra. The next year, he conducted an open-air concert for Israeli troops at [[Beersheba]] in the middle of the desert during the [[Arab–Israeli conflict|Arab-Israeli war]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gould |first1=Susan |title=Beersheba (1948) |url=https://www.leonardbernstein.com/about/conductor/historic-concerts/beersheba-1948 |website=Leonard Bernstein Office |access-date=May 16, 2024}}</ref> In 1957, he conducted the inaugural concert of the [[Mann Auditorium]] in Tel Aviv.<ref name=bernstein-office-timeline/> In 1967, he conducted a concert on [[Mount Scopus]] to commemorate the [[Reunification of Jerusalem]], featuring Mahler's [[Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)|Symphony No. 2]] and Mendelssohn's [[Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)|Violin Concerto]] with soloist [[Isaac Stern]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gould |first1=Susan |title=Mt. Scopus (1967) |url=https://leonardbernstein.com/about/conductor/historic-concerts/mt-scopus-concert-1967 |website=Leonard Bernstein Office |access-date=May 16, 2024}}</ref> The city of Tel Aviv added his name to the [[Habima Square]] (Orchestra Plaza) in the center of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=rachelsamoul |date=July 18, 2016 |title=KiKar HaBima, l'acropole de Tel Aviv |url=http://kefisrael.com/2016/07/18/la-place-habima/ |access-date=June 20, 2024 |website=Kef Israël |language=fr-FR}}</ref> On December 10, 1949, Bernstein made his first television appearance as conductor with the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] at [[Carnegie Hall]]. The concert, which included an address by [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], celebrated the first anniversary of the [[United Nations General Assembly]]'s ratification of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], and included the premiere of [[Aaron Copland]]'s ''Preamble for a Solemn Occasion'' with [[Sir Laurence Olivier]] narrating text from the [[UN Charter]]. The concert was televised by [[NBC Television Network]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The World Reimagined – Americans and Human Rights in the Twentieth Century |last=Bradley |first=Mark Philip |isbn=978-0-521-82975-5 |location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|oclc=946031535 |page=13 |date=September 12, 2016}}</ref> In April 1949, Bernstein performed as piano soloist in the world premiere of his [[Symphony No. 2 (Bernstein)|Symphony No. 2: The Age of Anxiety]] with Koussevitzy conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra. On December 2, 1949, Bernstein conducted the world premiere of the Messiaen's ''[[Turangalîla-Symphonie]]'', with the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the New York premiere in Carnegie Hall on the afternoon of December 10.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = The New York Times | access-date = April 12, 2024 | date = December 11, 1949 |title=Bernstein Leads Messiaen's work | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/12/11/85658829.html| first = Olin | last = Downes |author-link = Olin Downes}}</ref> Part of the rehearsal for the concert was recorded and released by the orchestra. When Koussevitzky died in 1951, Bernstein became head of the orchestra and conducting departments at [[Tanglewood Music Festival|Tanglewood]].

=== 1950s: Career expansion and ''West Side Story'' ===
[[File:Leonard Bernstein - 1950s.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Bernstein, c. 1950s]]
The 1950s comprised the most active years of Bernstein's career. He created five new works for the Broadway stage, composed several symphonic works and an iconic film score, and was appointed music director of the New York Philharmonic with whom he toured the world, including concerts behind the Iron Curtain. Bernstein also harnessed the power of television to expand his educational reach, and he married and started a family. In 1950, Bernstein composed incidental music for a Broadway production of J. M. Barrie's play ''[[Peter Pan (1950 musical)|Peter Pan]]''.<ref>[http://barbaraanneshaircombblog.com/images/symphonyofthenewworld/benjaminsteinberg-leonardbernstein-peterpan.jpg ''Peter Pan'', music and lyrics by Leonard Bernstein], ''[[Playbill]]'', April 24, 1950.</ref> The production, which opened on Broadway on April 24, 1950, starred [[Jean Arthur]] as [[Peter Pan]] and [[Boris Karloff]] in the dual roles of [[George Darling (Peter Pan)|George Darling]] and [[Captain Hook]]. The show ran for 321 performances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Peter Pan'' – Broadway Revival – Imperial Theatre|url=https://www.playbill.com/production/peter-pan-imperial-theatre-vault-0000006063|access-date=May 31, 2022|website=[[Playbill]]}}</ref>

In 1951, Bernstein composed ''[[Trouble in Tahiti]]'', a one-act opera in seven scenes with an English [[libretto]] by the composer. The opera portrays the troubled marriage of a couple whose idyllic suburban post-war environment belies their inner turmoil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leonard Bernstein Trouble in Tahiti (original orchestral version) – Opera|url=https://www.boosey.com/pages/opera/moredetails?musicid=2098|access-date=September 24, 2021|website=boosey.com}}</ref> Ironically, Bernstein wrote most of the opera while on his honeymoon in Mexico with his wife, [[Felicia Montealegre]]. Bernstein was a visiting music professor at [[Brandeis University]] from 1951 to 1956. In 1952, he created the [[Leonard Bernstein Festival of the Creative Arts|Brandeis Festival of the Creative Arts]], where he conducted the premiere of ''[[Trouble in Tahiti]]'' on June 12 of that year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Leonard Bernstein|url=http://www.leonardbernstein.com/about.php|website=leonardbernstein.com}}</ref> The [[NBC Opera Theatre]] subsequently presented the opera on television in November 1952. It opened on Broadway at the Playhouse Theatre on April 19, 1955, and ran for six weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trouble in Tahiti (Broadway, Playhouse Theatre, 1955)|url=https://playbill.com/production/trouble-in-tahiti-playhouse-theatre-vault-0000009368|access-date=January 20, 2022|website=[[Playbill]]}}</ref> Three decades later, Bernstein wrote a second opera, ''[[A Quiet Place (opera)|A Quiet Place]]'', which picked up the story and characters of ''Trouble in Tahiti'' in a later period.

[[File:Leonard Bernstein in his apartment, New York, N.Y., between 1946 and 1948 (William P. Gottlieb 00671).jpg|thumb|Bernstein collaborated with [[Comden and Green]] on ''[[Wonderful Town]]'' ]]
''' ''Wonderful Town'' (1953) '''
{{main|Wonderful Town}}
In 1953, Bernstein wrote the score for the musical ''[[Wonderful Town]]'' on very short notice, with a book by [[Joseph A. Fields]] and [[Jerome Chodorov]] and lyrics by [[Betty Comden]] and [[Adolph Green]]. Like the 1940 play, directed on Broadway by [[George S. Kaufman]], it is based on the autobiographical short stories, collectively titled ''[[My Sister Eileen (play)|My Sister Eileen]]'', that were written by [[Ruth McKenney]] and published in the early 1930s by ''[[The New Yorker]]''. They tell the story of two sisters from Ohio who move to New York City and seek success from their squalid [[basement apartment]] in [[Greenwich Village]]. ''Wonderful Town'' opened on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] on February 25, 1953, at the [[Winter Garden Theatre]], starring [[Rosalind Russell]] in the role of Ruth Sherwood, [[Edie Adams]] as Eileen Sherwood, and [[George Gaynes]] as Robert Baker. It won five [[Tony Awards]], including Best Musical and Best Actress.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Wonderful Town'' – Broadway Original – Winter Garden Theatre|url=https://www.playbill.com/production/wonderful-town-winter-garden-theatre-vault-0000011590|access-date=May 31, 2022|website=[[Playbill]]}}</ref>

''' ''Candide'' (1956) '''
{{main|Candide (operetta)}}
In the three years leading up to Bernstein's appointment as music director of the New York Philharmonic, Bernstein was simultaneously working on the scores for two Broadway shows. The first of the two was the [[operetta]]-style musical ''[[Candide (operetta)|Candide]].'' [[Lillian Hellman]] originally brought Bernstein her idea of adapting [[Voltaire]]'s [[Candide|novella]].{{sfn|Simeone|2013|page=311}} The original collaborators on the show were book writer [[John La Touche (lyricist)|John Latouche]] and lyricist [[Richard Wilbur]]. ''Candide'' opened on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] on December 1, 1956, at the [[Martin Beck Theatre]], in a production directed by [[Tyrone Guthrie]]. Anxious about the parallels Hellman had deliberately drawn between Voltaire's story and the ongoing hearings conducted by the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]], Guthrie persuaded the collaborators to cut their most incendiary sections prior to opening night.{{sfn|Burton|1995|page=260}} While the production was a box office disaster, running for only two months for a total of 73 performances,<ref>{{IBDB title|2591|Candide|(1956/57)}}</ref> the cast album became a cult classic, which kept Bernstein's score alive. There have been several revivals, with modifications to improve the book. The elements of the music that have remained best known and performed over the decades are the Overture, which quickly became one of the most frequently performed orchestral compositions by a [[20th-century classical music|20th century]] [[Music of the United States|American]] composer; the coloratura aria "Glitter and Be Gay", which [[Barbara Cook]] sang in the original production; and the grand finale "Make Our Garden Grow".

''' ''West Side Story'' (1957)'''
{{main|West Side Story}}
[[File:Original West Side Story.jpg|thumb|left|Bernstein gained prominence for the Original Broadway production of ''[[West Side Story]]'' in 1957]]
The other musical Bernstein was writing simultaneously with ''Candide'' was ''[[West Side Story]]''. Bernstein collaborated with director and choreographer [[Jerome Robbins]], book writer [[Arthur Laurents]], and lyricist [[Stephen Sondheim]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Authors|url=https://www.westsidestory.com/authors|access-date=November 15, 2021|website=West Side Story}}</ref> The story is an updated retelling of Shakespeare's ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', set in the mid-1950s in the slums of New York City's [[Upper West Side]]. The Romeo character, Tony, is affiliated with the Jets gang, who are of white Northern European descent. The Juliet character is Maria, who is connected to the Sharks gang, recently arrived from [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 16, 2015|title=West Side Story|url=https://www.mtishows.com/west-side-story|access-date=November 15, 2021|website=Music Theatre International}}</ref> The original Broadway production opened at the [[Winter Garden Theatre]] on September 26, 1957, and ran 732 performances. Robbins won the [[Tony Award]] for Best Choreographer, and [[Oliver Smith (designer)|Oliver Smith]] won the Tony for Best Scenic Designer.<ref>{{IBDB show|9232|West Side Story|(1957)}}</ref>

Bernstein's score for ''West Side Story'' blends "jazz, Latin rhythms, symphonic sweep and musical-comedy conventions in groundbreaking ways for Broadway".<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 24, 2019|title=60-plus years later, ''West Side Story'' endures and thrives, including a new production at 5th Avenue Theatre|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/theater/60-plus-years-later-west-side-story-endures-and-thrives/|access-date=November 15, 2021|website=[[The Seattle Times]]}}</ref> It was [[orchestrated]] by [[Sid Ramin]] and [[Irwin Kostal]] following detailed instructions from Bernstein. The dark theme, sophisticated music, extended dance scenes, and focus on social problems marked a turning point in musical theatre. In 1960, Bernstein prepared a [[Suite (music)|suite]] of orchestral music from the show, titled ''Symphonic Dances from West Side Story'', which continues to be popular with orchestras worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2019|title=Classical Music in 2018: The year in statistics|url=https://bachtrack.com/files/96739-EN-Classical-music-statistics-2018.pdf|work=[[Bachtrack]]|access-date=November 15, 2021|archive-date=March 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329182507/https://bachtrack.com/files/96739-EN-Classical-music-statistics-2018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A [[West Side Story (1961 film)|1961 United Artists film adaptation]], directed by [[Robert Wise]] and Robbins, starred [[Natalie Wood]] as Maria and [[Richard Beymer]] as Tony. The film won ten [[Academy Awards]], including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] and a ground-breaking Best Supporting Actress award for Puerto Rican-born [[Rita Moreno]] playing the role of Anita.<ref>{{YouTube|title=Rita Moreno winning Best Supporting Actress|id=ZaOy0eb0Tbs}}</ref> A [[West Side Story (2021 film)|film adaptation directed by Steven Spielberg]] opened in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''West Side Story'' (2021) – About the Movie|publisher=[[Amblin Entertainment]]|url=https://amblin.com/movie/west-side-story/|access-date=November 15, 2021}}</ref>

[[File:I Feel Pretty from West Side Story 1957.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.3|L–R: [[Frances Taylor Davis|Elizabeth Taylor]],<ref>Dancer and actress [[Frances Taylor Davis]] was billed as Elizabeth Taylor</ref> Carmen Gutierrez, [[Marilyn Cooper]], and [[Carol Lawrence]] from the original Broadway cast sing "[[I Feel Pretty]]" (1957)]]
In addition to Bernstein's compositional activity for the stage, he wrote a symphonic work, ''[[Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"]]'' (1954); the score ''[[On the Waterfront]]'' (1954); and ''[[Prelude, Fugue and Riffs]]'', composed in 1949, but only premiered in 1955, for jazz big band and solo clarinet. In 1953, Bernstein became the first American conductor to appear at [[La Scala]] in Milan, conducting Cherubini's ''[[Médée (Cherubini)|Medea]]'', with [[Maria Callas]] in the title role. Callas and Bernstein reunited at La Scala to perform Bellini's ''[[La sonnambula]]'' in 1955. On November 14, 1954, Bernstein presented the first of his television lectures for the CBS Television Network arts program [[Omnibus (American TV program)|''Omnibus'']]. The live lecture, entitled "Beethoven's Fifth Symphony", involved Bernstein explaining the symphony's first movement with the aid of musicians from the "Symphony of the Air" (formerly [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]]). The program featured manuscripts from Beethoven's own hand, as well as a giant painting of the first page of the score covering the studio floor. Six more ''Omnibus'' lectures followed from 1955 to 1961 (later on ABC and then NBC) covering a broad range of topics: jazz, conducting, American musical comedy, modern music, [[J. S. Bach]], and [[grand opera]].

''' Music director of the New York Philharmonic '''
[[File:Leonard Bernstein NYWTS 1955.jpg|thumb|left|Bernstein at the piano, annotating a musical score, 1955]]
Bernstein was appointed the music director of the New York Philharmonic in 1957, sharing the post jointly with [[Dimitri Mitropoulos]] until he took sole charge in 1958. Bernstein held the music directorship until 1969 when he was appointed "Laureate Conductor". He continued to conduct and make recordings with the orchestra for the rest of his life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nyphil.org/about-us/artists/leonard-bernstein|title=Leonard Bernstein|website=nyphil.org}}</ref> Bernstein's television teaching took a quantum leap when, as the new music director of the New York Philharmonic, he put the orchestra's traditional Saturday afternoon [[Young People's Concerts]] on the CBS Television Network. Millions of viewers of all ages and around the world enthusiastically embraced Bernstein and his engaging presentations about classical music. Bernstein often presented talented young performers on the broadcasts. Many of them became celebrated in their own right, including conductors [[Claudio Abbado]] and [[Seiji Ozawa]]; flutist [[Paula Robison]]; and pianist [[André Watts]]. From 1958 until 1972, the 53 Young People's Concerts comprised the most influential series of music education programs ever produced on television.<ref>{{cite web|title=Young People's Concerts|url=http://www.leonardbernstein.com/ypc_publications.htm|access-date=September 20, 2010|publisher=Leonard Bernstein}}</ref> They were highly acclaimed by critics and won numerous [[Emmy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Young People's Concerts'' with the New York Philharmonic|url=https://www.emmys.com/shows/new-york-philharmonic-young-peoples-concerts|access-date=September 24, 2021|website=Television Academy}}</ref>

Some of Bernstein's scripts, all of which he wrote himself, were released in book form and on records.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Leonard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-zwOLoDIcEC|title=Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts|date=2005|publisher=Hal Leonard|isbn=978-1-57467-102-5}}</ref> A recording of ''Humor in Music'' was awarded a [[Grammy]] award for Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording (other than comedy) in 1961.<ref>{{cite web|title=Honors: A Selected List – Grammy Awards|url=http://www.leonardbernstein.com/honors.htm|access-date=November 12, 2015|website=The Leonard Bernstein Office, Inc.}}</ref> The programs were shown in many countries around the world, often with Bernstein dubbed into other languages, and the concerts were later released on home video by [[Kultur Video]].
[[File:Bernstein with TV Camera.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Bernstein with members of the New York Philharmonic rehearsing for a television broadcast, {{c.|1958}}]]
In 1958, Bernstein and Mitropoulos led the New York Philharmonic on its first tour south of the border, through 12 countries in Central and South America. The [[United States Department of State]] sponsored the tour to improve the nation's relations with its southern neighbors.{{sfn|Laird|Lin|2019|p={{page needed|date=March 2022}}}} In 1959, the Department of State also sponsored Bernstein and the Philharmonic on a 50-concert tour through Europe and the Soviet Union, portions of which were filmed by the [[CBS]] Television Network. A highlight of the tour was Bernstein's performance of [[Shostakovich]]'s [[Symphony No. 5 (Shostakovich)|Fifth Symphony]], in the presence of the composer, who came on stage at the end to congratulate Bernstein and the musicians.

=== 1960s: Innovations and Lincoln Center ===
''' New York Philharmonic Innovations '''

Bernstein's innovative approach to themed programming included introducing audiences to composers less-performed at the time such as [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Carl Nielsen]], [[Jean Sibelius]], and [[Charles Ives]] (including the world premiere of his [[Symphony No. 2 (Ives)|Symphony No. 2]]). Bernstein actively advocated for the commission and performance of works by contemporary composers, conducting over 40 world premieres by a diverse roster of composers ranging from [[John Cage]] to [[Alberto Ginastera]] to [[Luciano Berio]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/about-us/history/PREM-WOR_for-web.ashx?la=en|title=New York Philharmonic World Premieres|publisher=New York Philharmonic|access-date=January 20, 2022|archive-date=April 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414120119/https://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/about-us/history/PREM-WOR_for-web.ashx?la=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also conducted US premieres of 19 major works from around the globe, including works by [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], [[Pierre Boulez]], and [[György Ligeti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/about-us/history/PREM-US_for-web.ashx?la=en|title=New York Philharmonic United States Premieres|publisher=New York Philharmonic|access-date=January 20, 2022|archive-date=April 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414120034/https://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/about-us/history/PREM-US_for-web.ashx?la=en|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Leonard-Bernstein-1959.jpg|thumb|left|Bernstein during a visit to Finland, 1959]]
Bernstein championed American composers, especially those with whom he had a close friendship, such as [[Aaron Copland]], [[William Schuman]], and [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]]. This decade saw a significant expansion of Bernstein and the Philharmonic's collaboration with [[Columbia Records]], together they released [[#Recordings|over 400 compositions, covering a broad swath of the classical music canon]]. Bernstein welcomed the Philharmonic's additions of its first Black musician, [[Sanford Allen]], and its second woman musician, [[Orin O'Brien]]. Bernstein also shared the Philharmonic's commitment to connecting with as many New Yorkers as possible. That vision became a reality with the launch of the Concerts in the Parks in 1965, which Bernstein conducted often. Another milestone was the Philharmonic's first visit to Japan in 1961, when Bernstein led acclaimed Philharmonic concerts and engaged in cultural exchange. Over the years, he led the Orchestra on tours to 144 cities in 38 countries.

Bernstein initiated the Philharmonic's informal Thursday Evening Preview Concerts, which included Bernstein's talks from the stage, a practice that was unheard of at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thursday Evening Previews, Performing Arts Encyclopedia, Library of Congress|url=https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/search?sort=titlesort&view=thumbnail&query=thursday+evening+previews&search_button=GO|access-date=February 24, 2022|website=memory.loc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Robin|first=William|date=May 31, 2013|title=Looking Back at 'Lenny's Playlist'|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/02/arts/music/new-york-philharmonic-archives-on-leonard-bernstein.html|access-date=February 24, 2022}}</ref> In one oft-reported incident, on April 6, 1962,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Truth About a Legend|author=Leonard Bernstein|url=https://leonardbernstein.com/lectures/writings/the-truth-about-a-legend-glenn-gould|access-date=February 24, 2022|website=leonardbernstein.com}}</ref> Bernstein appeared on stage before [[New York Philharmonic concert of April 6, 1962|a performance]] of the [[Piano Concerto No. 1 (Brahms)|Brahms Piano Concerto No. 1 in D minor]] to explain that the soloist, [[Glenn Gould]], had chosen an idiosyncratic approach to the work. Bernstein explained that while he did not totally agree with it, he thought Gould's interpretation was an artistically worthy exploration.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 25, 2018|title=Who is the Boss of a Concerto? Bernstein on Gould's Historic Brahms Performance|url=https://bernstein.classical.org/features/who-is-the-boss-of-a-concerto-bernstein-on-goulds-historic-brahms-concerto/|access-date=February 24, 2022|website=Classical.org}}</ref> Bernstein questioned: "In a concerto, who is the boss: the soloist or the conductor?"<ref>[http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mwatts/glenn/lennie.html Transcription of Bernstein's Glenn Gould Introduction] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001031125032/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mwatts/glenn/lennie.html|date=October 31, 2000}} (from a [[Rutgers University]] webpage).</ref> The incident created a stir that reverberated in the press for decades; see {{section link|New York Philharmonic concert of April 6, 1962|Legacy}}.

In 1960, Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic marked the centennial of Gustav Mahler's birth with a series of performances. The composer's widow, [[Alma Mahler|Alma]], attended some of Bernstein's rehearsals. That same year, Bernstein made his first commercial recording of a [[Symphony No. 4 (Mahler)|Mahler symphony (the Fourth)]]. Over the next seven years, he recorded the entire [[Bernstein–Mahler cycle|Mahler symphony cycle]] with the New York Philharmonic (except for [[Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)|the 8th Symphony]], which was recorded with the [[London Symphony Orchestra]]). The combination of concert performances, television talks, and recordings led to a renewed interest in Mahler, especially in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Keller|first=James|title=Bernstein and Mahler: Channeling a Prophet|url=https://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/legacy/Bernstein_and_Mahler.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/legacy/Bernstein_and_Mahler.pdf|publisher=New York Philharmonic|archive-date=October 10, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bernstein claimed that he identified with the works on a personal level, and once wrote of the composer: "I'm so sympathetic to Mahler: I understand his problem. It's like being two different men locked up in the same body; one man is a conductor and the other a composer ... It's like being a double man."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is Gustav Mahler?|author=Leonard Bernstein|date=February 7, 1960|type=episode transcript of ''Young People's Concert''|url=https://leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/who-is-gustav-mahler|access-date=February 24, 2022|website=leonardbernstein.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahler: His Time Has Come|author=Leonard Bernstein|type=typewritten manuscript for an article in ''[[High Fidelity (magazine)|High Fidelity]]'', April 16, 1967|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/musbernstein.100020134/|via=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref>

[[File:Leonard Bernstein in gepeins, Bestanddeelnr 921-6974.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Bernstein in Amsterdam, 1968]]
''' Opening Lincoln Center '''

On May 14, 1959, President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] broke ground for [[Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts]]. On September 23, 1962, the New York Philharmonic moved from Carnegie Hall to its new home, Philharmonic Hall (now [[David Geffen Hall]]). Bernstein conducted the gala opening concert featuring works by [[Mahler]], [[Beethoven]], and [[Vaughan Williams]], as well as the premiere of Aaron Copland's ''[[Connotations (Copland)|Connotations]]''. In 1964, Bernstein conducted at the [[Metropolitan Opera]] for the first time in [[Franco Zeffirelli]]'s production of Verdi's ''[[Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff]]''. In subsequent years, Bernstein returned to The Met to conduct ''[[Cavalleria rusticana]]'' (1970) and ''[[Carmen]]'' (1972), as well as at the [[The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala|Centennial Gala]] in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BiblioTech PRO V3.2b|url=http://69.18.170.204/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=220100&limit=3000&xBranch=ALL&xsdate=&xedate=&theterm=Mellow,%20William%20%5BTenor%5D&x=0&xhomepath=http://69.18.170.204/archives/&xhome=http://69.18.170.204/archives/bibpro.htm|access-date=February 24, 2022|website=69.18.170.204|archive-date=April 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414120001/http://69.18.170.204/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=220100&limit=3000&xBranch=ALL&xsdate=&xedate=&theterm=Mellow,%20William%20%5BTenor%5D&x=0&xhomepath=http://69.18.170.204/archives/&xhome=http://69.18.170.204/archives/bibpro.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''' An Artist's Response to Violence '''

In 1961, Bernstein composed and conducted a fanfare for President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s pre-inaugural gala.

On November 23, 1963, the day after the [[assassination of President John F. Kennedy]], Bernstein conducted the New York Philharmonic and the Schola Cantorum of New York in a nationally televised memorial featuring the [[Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)|Mahler's Symphony No. 2: "Resurrection"]]. Later that week, in a speech to the United Jewish Appeal, Bernstein said: "[[Tribute to John F. Kennedy|This will be our reply to violence]]: to make music more intensely, more beautifully, more devotedly than ever before."<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Artist's Response to Violence {{!}} Humanitarian {{!}} About {{!}} Leonard Bernstein |url=https://leonardbernstein.com/about/humanitarian/an-artists-response-to-violence |access-date=March 30, 2022 |website=leonardbernstein.com}}</ref> After Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] was assassinated in 1968, Bernstein conducted the "Adagietto" movement from [[Symphony No. 5 (Mahler)|Mahler's Symphony No. 5]] at the funeral mass.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2018 |title=June 6 & 8, 1968: Bernstein, Mahler, and Remembering Robert F. Kennedy |url=https://bernstein.classical.org/features/june-1968-remembering-robert-f-kennedy/}}</ref>

''' ''Kaddish'' and ''Chichester Psalms'' '''
[[File:P Kolbe-01 Bernstein 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Audio recording for CBS of [[Symphony No. 3 (Nielsen)|Symphony No. 3]] by Danish composer [[Carl Nielsen]] in Copenhagen, 1965]]
Due to his commitment to the New York Philharmonic and his many other activities, Bernstein had little time for composition during the 1960s, composing just two major works. His [[Symphony No. 3 (Bernstein)|Symphony No. 3: ''Kaddish'']] was written in 1963; Bernstein dedicated the work: "To the Beloved Memory of [[John F. Kennedy]]." The work features a large orchestra, a full choir, a boys' choir, a soprano soloist, and a narrator. "[[Kaddish]]" refers to the Jewish prayer recited for the dead. Bernstein wrote the text of the narration himself; his wife, Felicia Montealegre, narrated the US premiere of the work.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Leonard Bernstein's 'Kaddish' Symphony: A Crisis Of Faith |language=en |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/deceptivecadence/2012/09/29/161824558/leonard-bernsteins-kaddish-symphony-a-crisis-of-faith |access-date=March 30, 2022}}</ref>

In 1965, Bernstein took a sabbatical year from the New York Philharmonic to concentrate on composition, during which he composed ''[[Chichester Psalms]].'' Commissioned by the Dean of [[Chichester Cathedral]], [[Walter Hussey]], the work premiered at [[Avery Fisher Hall|Philharmonic Hall]] in New York City on July 15, 1965, conducted by Bernstein himself, and subsequently at Chichester Cathedral, conducted by the cathedral's Organist and Master of the Choristers, [[John Birch (musician)|John Birch]]. For his text, Bernstein chose excerpts from the [[Book of Psalms]] in the original [[Hebrew]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Chichester Psalms'' (Leonard Bernstein) |url=https://www.laphil.com/musicdb/pieces/257/chichester-psalms |access-date=March 30, 2022|publisher=[[Los Angeles Philharmonic]]}}</ref> In 2018, Bernstein's Centennial year, ''Chichester Psalms'' was cited as the 5th-most performed concert work worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classical Music in 2018, the year in statistics |url=https://bachtrack.com/files/96739-EN-Classical-music-statistics-2018.pdf |access-date=November 15, 2021 |archive-date=March 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329182507/https://bachtrack.com/files/96739-EN-Classical-music-statistics-2018.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''' Vienna Philharmonic debut '''

In 1966, Bernstein began a lifelong rich relationship with the [[Vienna Philharmonic]], conducting concerts as well as making his debut at the [[Vienna State Opera]] in [[Luchino Visconti]]'s production of ''Falstaff'' with [[Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau]] in the title role. Bernstein was largely responsible for restoring the works of Mahler to the Vienna Philharmonic's core repertoire. Bernstein recorded Mahler's Symphonies numerous times with the orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6th Subscription Concert – Vienna Philharmonic |url=https://www.wienerphilharmoniker.at/en/konzerte/6th-subscription-concert/7744/ |access-date=May 3, 2022 |website=wienerphilharmoniker.at}}</ref> Bernstein returned to the State Opera in 1968 for a production of ''[[Der Rosenkavalier]]'' and in 1970 for [[Otto Schenk]]'s production of Beethoven's ''[[Fidelio]]''.

=== 1970s: ''Mass'', ''Dybbuk'' and international acclaim ===
During the 1970s, Bernstein's company, Amberson, in partnership with [[Unitel GmbH & Co.KG|Unitel]], produced and coordinated filmed recordings of his symphonic concerts around the world. For the rest of his life, Bernstein preferred to derive his audio recordings from live performances. Nearly 80% of Bernstein's recordings with his new recording partner, [[Deutsche Grammophon]], were recorded live.{{sfn|Chapin|1992}}

Bernstein's major compositions during the 1970s were his ''[[Mass (Bernstein)|Mass: A Theatre Piece for Singers, Players, and Dancers]]''; his score for the ballet ''[[Dybbuk (ballet)|Dybbuk]]''; his orchestral vocal work ''[[Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra|Songfest]]''; and his U.S. bicentennial musical ''[[1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical)|1600 Pennsylvania Avenue]]'', with lyrics by [[Alan Jay Lerner]], which was his last Broadway show and only theatrical flop.

''' ''Mass: A Theatre Piece for Singers, Players, and Dancers'' (1971) '''
{{main|Mass (Bernstein)}}
[[File:Leonard Bernstein 1971.jpg|thumb|upright|Bernstein in rehearsal of his ''Mass'', 1971]]
In 1966, [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]] commissioned Bernstein to compose a work for the inauguration of the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] in Washington, D.C., Bernstein began writing ''Mass'' in 1969 as a large-scale theatrical work based on the [[Tridentine Mass]] of the [[Catholic Church]], and in 1971, Bernstein invited the young composer and lyricist [[Stephen Schwartz]], who had recently opened the musical ''[[Godspell]]'' off-Broadway, to collaborate as co-lyricist. The world premiere took place on September 8, 1971, conducted by [[Maurice Peress]], directed by [[Gordon Davidson (director)|Gordon Davidson]], and choreographed by [[Alvin Ailey]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=[[Harold C. Schonberg]] |date=September 9, 1971 |title=Bernstein's New Work Reflects His Background on Broadway |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/09/archives/bernsteins-new-work-reflects-his-background-on-broadway.html |access-date=September 1, 2021}}</ref>

Bernstein's score combines elements of musical theater, jazz, gospel, blues, folk, rock, and symphonic music, and the libretto combines Latin and English liturgy, Hebrew prayer, and additional lyrics written by Bernstein and Schwartz.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leonard Bernstein – Mass (full version) |url=https://www.boosey.com/cr/music/Leonard-Bernstein-Mass-full-version/4084 |access-date=September 1, 2021 |website=boosey.com}}</ref>

''Mass'' received both rapturous and critical reactions, from audiences and music critics alike. While some members of the Catholic Church praised the piece's expression of contemporary crises of faith, others considered it blasphemous. (In 2000, [[Pope John Paul II]] requested a performance of ''Mass'' at the Vatican itself.)<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=July 20, 2018 |title=Review: Leonard Bernstein's liturgy for the world|author=Kevin McCabe|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2018/07/20/review-leonard-bernsteins-liturgy-world |access-date=March 25, 2024|magazine=[[America (magazine)|America]]}}</ref> [[President Richard Nixon]] declined to attend the premiere due to its anti-[[Vietnam War]] message.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Things Get Broken – Leonard Bernstein's ''MASS'' at Fifty|author=Stephen Schloesser|magazine=[[Commonweal (magazine)|Commonweal]]|url=https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/things-get-broken|access-date=March 25, 2024|date=September 24, 2021}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2024|reason=No mention of Nixon.}} Viewpoints on ''Mass'' continue to evolve over time, and [[Edward Seckerson]] wrote in 2021, 50 years after its premiere: "Put simply, no other work of Bernstein's encapsulates exactly who he was as a man or as a musician; no other work displays his genius, his intellect, his musical virtuosity and innate theatricality quite like ''Mass''."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Maggie Stapleton |date=July 30, 2021 |title=Aug 27: Sony Classical Releases Leonard Bernstein's ''MASS'' at 50 – Celebrating the Anniversary of its Premiere at the Kennedy Center |url=https://www.musicalamerica.com/news/newsstory.cfm?archived=0&storyID=48298&categoryID=5 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |publisher=[[Musical America]] |type=press release Jensen Artists}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2022|reason=No sign of Seckerson's quote there.}}

''' The Unanswered Question: Six Talks at Harvard '''

In the 1972–73 academic year, Bernstein was appointed to the [[Charles Eliot Norton]] Chair as Professor of Poetry at Harvard, where he delivered six lectures, ''[[The Unanswered Question (lecture series)|The Unanswered Question]]'', which explored such elements as tonality, harmony, and form through the lens of [[Noam Chomsky]]'s linguistic theories. Bernstein provided musical examples from the piano, and pre-recorded musical works with the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]].{{sfn|Burton|1995|page=410}} Amberson arranged for the lectures to be videotaped at the WGBH studios in Boston. The six lectures were broadcast on PBS in 1976, and subsequently released on home video<ref>{{Citation |title=The Unanswered Question: Six Talks at Harvard |date=January 11, 1976 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0318253/ |type=Music |access-date=August 24, 2022}}</ref> and published as a book.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Unanswered Question – Leonard Bernstein |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674920019 |access-date=August 24, 2022| series=The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures | date=April 15, 1981 | publisher=Harvard University Press | isbn=9780674920019}}</ref>
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'''''Dybbuk'' (1974)'''
{{main|Dybbuk (ballet)}}
Bernstein collaborated with Jerome Robbins to create [[Dybbuk (ballet)|''Dybbuk'']], a ballet based on [[S. Ansky]]'s play of the same name. The ballet depicts Ansky's tale of a young woman possessed by a malicious spirit, known in Jewish folklore as a "dybbuk". ''Dybbuk'' was premiered by the [[New York City Ballet]] at the [[New York State Theater]] on May 16, 1974, with Bernstein conducting. A revision of the choreography and the score was made later the same year, titled ''Dybbuk Variations''. It received its premiere in November 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dybbuk|publisher=[[New York City Ballet]]|url=https://www.nycballet.com/discover/ballet-repertory/dybbuk/ |access-date=May 3, 2022}}</ref>

''' ''Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra'' '''

Bernstein's ''Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra'' premiered on October 11, 1977, the [[Kennedy Center]] in Washington, D.C., with the composer conducting the [[National Symphony Orchestra]]. The work was intended as a tribute to the 1976 [[American Bicentennial]], but was not finished in time. The work sets an array of texts by 13 American poets spanning three centuries. Bernstein deliberately selected the widest possible array of literary voices to express the nation's essential diversity; the poets include [[June Jordan]], [[Julia de Burgos]], [[Walt Whitman]], and [[Langston Hughes]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schonberg|first=Harold C.|author-link=Harold C. Schonberg|date=December 16, 1977 |title=Music: A Songfest|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/16/archives/music-a-songfest.html |access-date=August 24, 2022}}</ref> On July 4, 1985, Bernstein conducted a nationally televised performance of ''Songfest'' as part of the National Symphony's annual ''[[A Capitol Fourth]]'' concert.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Holland|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Holland|date=July 9, 1985 |title=Music: Bernstein at Jones Beach|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/09/arts/music-bernstein-at-jones-beach.html |access-date=August 24, 2022}}</ref>

''' International conducting and recordings '''

After becoming Conductor Laureate of the New York Philharmonic in 1969, Bernstein took advantage of his freed-up schedule to increase the pace of his world travel, conducting twenty-nine orchestras throughout Europe, Asia, and the Americas, and making live recordings with them for both [[Unitel GmbH & Co.KG|Unitel]] and [[Deutsche Grammophon]].{{sfn|Burton|1995|page={{page needed|date=July 2023}}}} Bernstein founded Amberson Productions in 1969. In partnership with Unitel, Amberson created many video productions of concert performances, starting with [[Verdi's Requiem Mass]] in St. Paul's Cathedral with the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] in 1970, produced and directed by [[Humphrey Burton]]. Burton would go on to collaborate with Bernstein on his music video projects for the rest of Bernstein's life.<ref>{{IMDb title|tt1487872|Bernstein in London: Verdi's Requiem|(1970)}}</ref>

In 1972, Bernstein recorded Bizet's ''[[Carmen]]'', with [[Marilyn Horne]] in the title role and [[James McCracken]] as Don Jose, after leading several stage performances of the opera at the [[Metropolitan Opera]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schonberg|first=Harold C.|author-link=Harold C. Schonberg|date=September 20, 1972 |title=Opera: A New ''Carmen'', Daring and Provocative|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/20/archives/opera-a-new-carmen-daring-and-provocative.html |access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref> The recording was one of the first in stereo to use the original spoken dialogue between the sung portions of the opera. The recording was Bernstein's first for Deutsche Grammophon and won a [[Grammy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bizet ''Carmen'' / Bernstein |url=https://www.deutschegrammophon.com/en/catalogue/products/bizet-carmen-bernstein-9037 |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=deutschegrammophon.com}}</ref> In working with Unitel and Deutsche Grammophon, Bernstein made a host of video and audio recordings with such orchestras as [[Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra]], [[Orchestre de Paris]], [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]], [[RAI National Symphony Orchestra|Orchestra Sinfonica di Roma della Rai]], [[Israel Philharmonic Orchestra]], and [[Orchestre National de France]]. In the late 1970s, Bernstein conducted a complete Beethoven symphony cycle with the Vienna Philharmonic, and cycles of Brahms and Schumann were to follow in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catalogue |url=https://www.deutschegrammophon.com/en/catalogue |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=deutschegrammophon.com}}</ref>

Among the many noteworthy Amberson productions with Unitel were Bernstein conducting Mahler's Symphony No. 2 "Resurrection" with the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] at [[Ely Cathedral]] in 1973 and ''Fidelio'' at the Vienna State Opera in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leonard Bernstein: Unitel Catalogue |url=http://www.unitel.de/media/files/catalogue/brosch_bernstein_seiten_WEB.pdf |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=Unitel.de}}</ref> In 1970, Bernstein wrote and narrated "Bernstein on Beethoven: A Celebration in Vienna," an in-depth exploration of Beethoven on the composer's 200th birthday, filmed on location in and around Vienna.<ref>{{Citation |last=Burton |first=Humphrey|author-link=Humphrey Burton|title=Beethoven's Birthday: A Celebration in Vienna with Leonard Bernstein |date=December 24, 1971 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0175478/ |type=Documentary, Music |publisher=Amberson Productions Inc. |access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref> It features excerpts of Bernstein's rehearsals and performance of ''[[Fidelio]]'' at the [[Vienna State Opera]], directed by [[Otto Schenk]] (which was later revived and filmed in 1978); Bernstein playing the [[Piano Concerto No. 1 (Beethoven)|Piano Concerto No. 1]] and conducting from the piano; and a performance of [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 9]] with the [[Vienna Philharmonic]], featuring the young [[Plácido Domingo]] among the soloists. The show, produced and directed by Humphrey Burton, was broadcast around the world and won an [[Emmy Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Outstanding Musical Program Nominees / Winners 1972 |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1972/outstanding-musical-program |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=Television Academy |language=en}}</ref>

Also recorded by Unitel, in October 1976, was Bernstein's concert in Munich with the [[Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra]] and pianist [[Claudio Arrau]] to benefit [[Amnesty International]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classical Net Review – Beethoven – The Amnesty International Concert |url=http://www.classical.net/music/recs/reviews/d/dgg776690a.php |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Classical Net}}</ref> To honor his late wife and to continue their joint support for human rights, Bernstein subsequently established the Felicia Montealegre Bernstein Fund of Amnesty International USA to provide aid for human rights activists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barbara |first=Hendricks |title=Lifting My Voice : A Memoir |date=June 1, 2014 |isbn=978-1-61374-852-7 |location=Chicago|publisher=Chicago Review Press|oclc=879372080 |author-link=Barbara Hendricks}}</ref>

In 1979, Bernstein conducted the [[Berlin Philharmonic]] for the first and only time, in two charity concerts for Amnesty International featuring performances of Mahler's [[Symphony No. 9 (Mahler)|Ninth Symphony]], recorded live on Deutsche Grammophon.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Mahler Symphony No 9 |url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/reviews/review?slug=mahler-symphony-no-9-28 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |magazine=[[Gramophone (magazine)|Gramophone]]}}</ref> The invitation for the concerts had come from the orchestra and not from its principal conductor [[Herbert von Karajan]]. There has been speculation about why Karajan never invited Bernstein to conduct his orchestra. The full reasons will probably never be known—they were on friendly terms and respected each other, but sometimes practiced a little mutual [[one-upmanship]] such that they were described as fierce rivals.<ref name="Burton">{{harvnb|Burton|1995|pages=158–160}}</ref> It was often suggested that Bernstein could not conduct in Berlin while Karajan was alive (the Berlin Philharmonic was regarded as Karajan's own), the truth was that Berlin Philharmonic's managing director Wolfgang Stresemann actually invited Bernstein but as part of a subscription concert series, which Bernstein disliked.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatermania.com/news/leonard-bernstein-and-herbert-von-karajan-will-cross-paths-in-last-call_1759815/|title=Leonard Bernstein and Herbert von Karajan Will Cross Paths in Last Call |date=January 7, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.berliner-philharmoniker.de/en/stories/leonard-bernstein/|title=A one-time event – Leonard Bernstein with the Berliner Philharmoniker|website=berliner-philharmoniker.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://watch.symphony.live/m/xzw0BzLz/karajan-vs-bernstein|title=Symphony.live|website=watch.symphony.live}}</ref>

=== 1980s: ''A Quiet Place'', and Tanglewood ===
[[File:1985-9-3 Leonard BernsteinImg、Israel Philharmonic Orchestra in Osaka Festival Hall, Mahler Symphony No. 9 in D major 861☆彡.jpg|thumb|Bernstein visited Japan with the [[Israel Philharmonic Orchestra]] in 1985 and conducted Mahler's Symphony No. 9]]
During the 1980s, Bernstein pursued a packed schedule, continuing to conduct, teach, compose, and produce several television documentaries. Bernstein's most significant compositions of the decade were his opera ''[[A Quiet Place (opera)|A Quiet Place]]''; ''[[Divertimento (Bernstein)|Divertimento for Orchestra]]''; ''[[Ḥalil (Bernstein)|Ḥalil]]'' for flute and orchestra; ''Concerto for Orchestra "Jubilee Games"''; and the song cycle ''Arias and Barcarolles''. Bernstein received the [[Kennedy Center Honors]] award in 1980, a [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 1985, France's [[Legion of Honour]] (Commander) in 1985, and Japan's [[Praemium Imperiale]] in 1990, among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accolades {{!}} About {{!}} Leonard Bernstein |url=https://www.leonardbernstein.com/about/accolades |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=www.leonardbernstein.com}}</ref>

In the 1980s, Bernstein cemented his educational legacy by co-founding three music academies: [[Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute]], [[Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival]] Orchestral Academy, and the [[Pacific Music Festival]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Leonard Bernstein: Life, Musical Compositions & Writings|date=1998|author=Jack Gottlieb|isbn=0-913932-82-5|edition=3rd|location=New York|publisher=Leonard Bernstein Music Publishing Company|oclc=40803989}}</ref> Bernstein continued his longtime relationship with [[Tanglewood]] to the end of his life, including a lavish televised gala in 1988 to celebrate his 70th birthday, as well as his final concert performance in August 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanglewood {{!}} Educator|url=https://www.leonardbernstein.com/about/educator/tanglewood |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=www.leonardbernstein.com}}</ref>

''' ''A Quiet Place'' (1983) '''
{{main|A Quiet Place (opera)}}
In 1983, Bernstein wrote a new opera, ''[[A Quiet Place (opera)|A Quiet Place]]'', with a libretto by Stephen Wadsworth. The opera premiered at the [[Houston Grand Opera]] on June 17, 1983, conducted by [[John DeMain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leonard Bernstein Quiet Place – Opera |url=https://www.boosey.com/opera/moreDetails?musicID=3304 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=boosey.com}}</ref> The opera was a sequel to Bernstein's 1951 opera ''Trouble in Tahiti'', which preceded the new opera at the premiere. In 1984, Bernstein and Wadsworth reconfigured ''A Quiet Place'' to include ''Trouble in Tahiti'' in its middle. This version was performed at La Scala and the Kennedy Center, with [[John Mauceri]] conducting. In 1986, Bernstein himself conducted and recorded the work at the Vienna State Opera.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burton |first=Humphrey|author-link=Humphrey Burton|date=January 14, 2011 |title=Bernstein's ''A Quiet Place'': silence is golden|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jan/14/leonard-bernstein-opera-quiet-place |access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref>

''' Conducting activities '''
[[File:Schell and Bernstein-83-1.jpg|thumb|Bernstein with [[Maximilian Schell]] on PBS Beethoven TV series, 1983]]
During the 1980s, in addition to continuing his productive relationship with the New York, Israel, and Vienna Philharmonics, Bernstein was also a regular guest conductor with several other major orchestras around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orchestras Conducted|url=https://leonardbernstein.com/about/conductor/orchestras-conducted |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=leonardbernstein.com}}</ref> In Munich with the [[Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra]], Bernstein recorded works including Wagner's ''[[Tristan und Isolde]]''; Haydn's ''[[The Creation (Haydn)|Creation]]''; and Mozart's [[Requiem (Mozart)|Requiem]] and ''[[Great Mass in C minor]]''.{{sfn|Laird|Lin|2019|page=27}} In Rome with the [[Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia]], Bernstein recorded works by Debussy, as well as Puccini's ''[[La bohème]]'', featuring an all-American cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2015 |title=Rome Accademia di Santa Cecilia Orchestra |url=https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/locations/italy/rome/orchestra-of-santa-cecilia/ |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=Mahler Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> In Amsterdam with [[Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra]], Bernstein recorded [[Bernstein–Mahler cycle|Mahler's Symphonies No. 1, 4, and 9]], among other works.{{sfn|Laird|Lin|2019|page=237}}

In May 1986, the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] mounted a Bernstein Festival at the [[Barbican Centre]], featuring a concert in which Bernstein conducted his own works. [[Queen Elizabeth II]] attended the performance.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lelyveld|first=Joseph|author-link=Joseph Lelyveld|date=May 8, 1986|title=London Cheers Both Roles of Leonard Bernstein|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/08/arts/london-cheers-both-roles-of-leonard-bernstein.html|access-date=May 9, 2023}}</ref> In December 1989, Bernstein conducted the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] in his operetta ''[[Candide (operetta)|Candide]]'' and subsequently recorded the work at [[Abbey Road Studios]]. The recording starred [[Jerry Hadley]], [[June Anderson]], [[Christa Ludwig]], and [[Adolph Green]] in the leading roles.<ref>{{Citation |title=Leonard Bernstein / London Symphony Orchestra / London Symphony Chorus & Various – ''Candide'' Leonard Bernstein |year=1991 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/13115132-Leonard-Bernstein-London-Symphony-Orchestra-London-Symphony-Chorus-Various-Candide-Leonard-Bernstein |access-date=May 9, 2023|website=Discogs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231213194002/https://www.discogs.com/release/13115132-Leonard-Bernstein-London-Symphony-Orchestra-London-Symphony-Chorus-Various-Candide-Leonard-Bernstein |archive-date= December 13, 2023 }}</ref> The live concert from the [[Barbican Centre]] in London was captured on video.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candide (Barbican Concert) |url=https://www.filmedlivemusicals.com/candide-1989.html |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=Filmed Live Musicals }}</ref>

''' Ode to "Freedom" (1989)'''

On December 25, 1989, Bernstein conducted Beethoven's [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 9]] in East Berlin's [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]] as part of a celebration of the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]]. He had conducted the same work in [[West Berlin]] the previous day. The orchestra consisted of members representing the two German States and the four [[Allied Control Council|occupying powers]] of post-war Berlin. The Christmas Day concert was broadcast live to an estimated audience of 100 million people in more than twenty countries.<ref name="Kelly">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Sharon |date=November 8, 2019 |title=Bernstein's Legendary 'Ode To Freedom', Marking Fall of Berlin Wall, Out Now |url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/classical-news/bernstein-beethoven-ode-to-freedom/ |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=uDiscover Music}}</ref> For the occasion, Bernstein reworded [[Friedrich Schiller]]'s text of the ''[[Ode to Joy]]'', replacing the word {{lang|de|Freude}} (joy) with the word {{lang|de|Freiheit}} (freedom).<ref name="Kelly" /> Bernstein added, "I'm sure that Beethoven would have given us his blessing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=EuroArts Music |date=October 7, 2019 |title=DVD + Blu-Ray: Leonard Bernstein – Ode to Freedom |url=https://news.imz.at/music-dance-releases/news/dvd-blu-ray-leonard-bernstein-ode-to-freedom-5697606/ |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=IMZ International Music + Media Centre}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=December 26, 1989|title=Upheaval in the East: Berlin; Near the Wall, Bernstein Leads an Ode to Freedom|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/26/world/upheaval-in-the-east-berlin-near-the-wall-bernstein-leads-an-ode-to-freedom.html|access-date=July 15, 2020}}</ref>

''' Final concert at Tanglewood '''

Bernstein conducted his last concert on August 19, 1990, with the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] at [[Tanglewood]]. He led [[Benjamin Britten]]'s ''Four Sea Interludes'' from ''[[Peter Grimes]]'' and Beethoven's [[Symphony No. 7 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 7]]. The program also included Bernstein's own ''[[Arias and Barcarolles]]'' in a new orchestration by [[Bright Sheng]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Garrison Keillor |author-link=Garrison Keillor |date=August 25, 2003 |title=The Writer's Almanac |url=http://writersalmanac.publicradio.org/programs/2003/08/25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311205836/http://writersalmanac.publicradio.org/programs/2003/08/25/ |archive-date=March 11, 2007 |access-date=January 17, 2007 |publisher=American Public Media }}</ref> However, poor health prevented Bernstein from preparing it, and Tanglewood Conducting Fellow [[Carl St. Clair]] was engaged to conduct the work in his stead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=pacificsymphony |date=February 22, 2018 |title=Interview: Carl St.Clair remembers Leonard Bernstein (Part 1) |url=https://pacificsymphony.blog/2018/02/22/interview-carl-st-clair-remembers-leonard-bernstein-part-1/ |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=The Pacific Symphony Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

Bernstein suffered a coughing fit during the third movement of the Beethoven, but continued to conduct the piece to its conclusion, leaving the stage during the ovation, appearing exhausted and in pain.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kozinn |first=Allan |author-link=Allan Kozinn |date=October 10, 1990 |title=Bernstein Retires From Performing, Citing Poor Health |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/10/arts/bernstein-retires-from-performing-citing-poor-health.html |access-date=October 12, 2015}}</ref> The concert was later issued on CD as ''Leonard Bernstein – The Final Concert'' by Deutsche Grammophon.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Clark |first1=Sedgewick |date=June 13, 1993 |title=Recording View: Bernstein: Yet More Surprises? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/13/arts/recordings-view-bernstein-yet-more-surprises.html |access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref>

''' Amberson Productions '''

Bernstein's Amberson Productions continued its collaborations with Unitel throughout the 1980s. In 1982, [[PBS]] aired an Emmy-nominated series ''[[Bernstein/Beethoven]]'' featuring all nine Beethoven symphonies and other works using films that Unitel had recorded of Bernstein conducting the Vienna Philharmonic in the late 1970s.<ref>{{IMDb title|tt0083385|Bernstein/Beethoven|(TV Mini Series 1982–)}}</ref> The series includes conversations between Bernstein and actor [[Maximilian Schell]], who also read from Beethoven's letters.<ref>{{YouTube|OuYY1gV8jhU|"Leonard Bernstein and Maximilian Schell discussing Beethoven's 6th and 7th Symphony"}}, video clip, 9 minutes.</ref>

[[File:Holland Festival dirigent Leonard Bernstein zal het met het Concertgebouworkes, Bestanddeelnr 933-3399.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Bernstein conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra, 1985]]
In 1984, Bernstein conducted a [[Deutsche Grammophon]] recording of ''West Side Story'', his only recording of the entire work.<ref>{{Citation |title=Leonard Bernstein, Kiri Te Kanawa, José Carreras, Tatiana Troyanos, Kurt Ollmann, Marilyn Horne – Leonard Bernstein Conducts ''West Side Story''|year=1989 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/5326663-Leonard-Bernstein-Kiri-Te-Kanawa-José-Carreras-Tatiana-Troyanos-Kurt-Ollmann-Marilyn-Horne-Leonard- |access-date=May 9, 2023|website=Discogs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231213195551/https://www.discogs.com/release/5326663-Leonard-Bernstein-Kiri-Te-Kanawa-Jos%C3%A9-Carreras-Tatiana-Troyanos-Kurt-Ollmann-Marilyn-Horne-Leonard- |archive-date= December 13, 2023 }}</ref> The album, featuring opera singers [[Kiri Te Kanawa]], [[José Carreras]], [[Marilyn Horne]], and [[Tatiana Troyanos]], was an international bestseller.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leonard Bernstein conducting ''Westside Story''|author=Susesch Bayat|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/leonard-bernstein-conducting-westside-story-©-susesch-bayat/YAF3A2cktkGOXA |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=Google Arts & Culture |year=1988 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231213200301/https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/leonard-bernstein-conducting-westside-story-%C2%A9-susesch-bayat/YAF3A2cktkGOXA |archive-date=December 13, 2023 }}</ref> An Emmy-nominated film ''[[The Making of West Side Story]]'' documented the recording process.<ref>{{IMDb title|tt0308495|The Making of West Side Story|(TV Movie 1985)}}</ref>

Other documentaries that Bernstein made during the 1980s include ''The Little Drummer Boy'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Little Drummer Boy|url=https://www.medici.tv/en/documentaries/bernstein-mahler-little-drummer-boy|url-access=subscription|access-date=May 9, 2023 |publisher=[[medici.tv]]}}</ref> which delved into the music of [[Gustav Mahler]], and ''The Love of Three Orchestras'',<ref>{{IMDb title|tt0258773|The Love of Three Orchestras|(TV Movie 1993)}}</ref> exploring his work with the New York, Vienna, and Israel Philharmonics.

''' Educational activities'''

Bernstein's nurturing experience at the Tanglewood Music Festival inspired him to use his international influence to recreate that environment for young musicians in the final years of his life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educator|url=https://leonardbernstein.com/about/educator |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=leonardbernstein.com}}</ref> During summer 1987, Bernstein celebrated the 100th anniversary of [[Nadia Boulanger]] at the [[American Conservatory]] in Fontainebleau. Bernstein gave a master class inside the castle of Fontainebleau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marion Kalter |url=http://www.marionkalter.com/1986-2/ |access-date=April 7, 2021 |website=marionkalter.com}}</ref>

''' Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute '''

In 1982, Bernstein, with [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] general manager [[Ernest Fleischmann]] and University of Southern California professor [[Daniel Lewis (conductor)|Daniel Lewis]], co-founded the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute]], a summer training academy inspired by Tanglewood. Bernstein served as artistic co-director and taught conducting classes for two summers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Constructive Force in Practical Music Education |url=https://www.laphil.com/about/watch-and-listen/a-constructive-force-in-practical-music-education |access-date=March 2, 2023 |website=LA Phil |language=en}}</ref> During that time, he performed and recorded American works, including some of his own, with the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] for Deutsche Grammophon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bernstein Conducts Gershwin, Barber, and Copland (CD) |url=https://www.laphilstore.com/bernstein-conducts-gershwin-barber-and-copland-cd.html |access-date=March 2, 2023 |website=laphilstore.com |language=en}}</ref>

''' Orchestra Academy of the Schleswig-Holstein Music Festival '''

In May 1986, Bernstein conducted the [[Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra]] and Chorus for the inaugural concert of the [[Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival]], in a performance of Haydn's ''Die Schöpfung'' (''[[The Creation (Haydn)|The Creation]]''). He returned the following year when he founded the festival's Orchestra Academy, once again recreating the nurturing atmosphere of Bernstein's Tanglewood experience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Festival Orchestra|url=https://www.shmf.de/en/about-orchestral-academy |access-date=March 2, 2023|publisher=[[Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival]]}}</ref> Over three summers, Bernstein took the students on international tours to Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schleswig Holstein Musik Festival {{!}} Educator {{!}} About {{!}} Leonard Bernstein |url=https://leonardbernstein.com/about/educator/schleswig-holstein-musik-festival |access-date=March 2, 2023 |website=leonardbernstein.com}}</ref>

To commemorate Bernstein's legacy as an educator and founder of the Orchestra Academy, the festival created the Leonard Bernstein Award in 2002, which has honored young musicians including [[Lang Lang]], [[Jonathan Biss]], and [[Alisa Weilerstein]], among many others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sparkassen- und Giroverband für Schleswig-Holstein {{!}} Leonard Bernstein Award |url=https://www.sgvsh.de/engagement/kunst-kultur/leonard-bernstein-award |access-date=March 2, 2023 |website=www.sgvsh.de}}</ref>

''' Founding of the Pacific Music Festival '''

In 1990, Bernstein's final summer, he founded the [[Pacific Music Festival]] in Sapporo, Japan with [[Michael Tilson Thomas]] and the [[London Symphony Orchestra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is PMF? {{!}} PMF Organizing Committee |url=https://www.pmf.or.jp/en/about/ |access-date=March 2, 2023 |website=PMF |language=en}}</ref> The Festival's goal was to emphasize musical training for young students in the Pacific region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1990–1999 {{!}} Archive |url=https://www.pmf.or.jp/en/archive/1990.html |access-date=March 2, 2023 |website=PMF }}</ref>

In his opening address, Bernstein said: "And my decision has been, without too much thought, to spend most of the remaining energy and time the Lord grants me in education and sharing, as much as possible, with younger people."<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Bernstein Legacy Persists in Music-Education Video |magazine=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1993/0825/25141.html |access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref> As artistic director, Bernstein worked with the students in that first summer, but had to cut his time short due to ill health.{{sfn|Burton|1995|page={{page needed|date=July 2023}}}}

''' Bernstein Education Through the Arts (BETA) Fund '''

In 1990, Bernstein received the [[Praemium Imperiale]], an international prize awarded by the Japan Arts Association for lifetime achievement in the arts. Bernstein used the $100,000 prize to establish The Bernstein Education Through the Arts (BETA) Fund.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.leonardbernstein.com/pfr/pfr_FALL05_rev2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601115140/http://www.leonardbernstein.com/pfr/pfr_FALL05_rev2.pdf |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead|title=Leonard Bernstein Center for Learning Moves to Gettysburg College|pages=1–2|magazine=Prelude, Fugue & Riffs|date=Fall–Winter 2005|publisher=The Leonard Bernstein Society}}</ref> He provided this grant to develop an arts-based education program. The Leonard Bernstein Center was posthumously established in April 1992, and initiated extensive school-based research, ultimately leading to the current Leonard Bernstein [[Artful Learning]] Program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://webadrenaline.com/artful-2-3-04/about/mission.html |title=History of the Leonard Bernstein Center for Learning |access-date=January 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102155050/http://webadrenaline.com/artful-2-3-04/about/mission.html |archive-date=January 2, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>