Editing Lee Miller (section)

===Photography===
{{external media |width=210px | headerimage=[[File:Lee Miller (5595220206).jpg|210px]] [[Farley Farm House]] |float=right |video1={{YouTube|KIr9NXrp1ro|Man Ray Portraits: Lee Miller's house}} (4:33)
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In 1929, Miller traveled to Paris intending to apprentice with the [[surrealist]] artist and photographer [[Man Ray]]. Although, at first, he insisted that he did not take students, Miller soon became his model and collaborator (announcing to him, "I'm your new student"), as well as his lover and muse.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Shinkle, Eugénie |title=Fashion as Photograph: Viewing and Reviewing Images of Fashion |year=2008 |pages=71–72 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-255-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathonkeats/2012/07/16/surrealist-love-affair-of-man-ray-and-lee-miller-exposed-in-san-francisco-museum-show-2/ |title=Surrealist Love Affair of Man Ray and Lee Miller Exposed in San Francisco Museum Show | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823042839/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathonkeats/2012/07/16/surrealist-love-affair-of-man-ray-and-lee-miller-exposed-in-san-francisco-museum-show-2/ |author=Keats, Jonathon |website=Forbes |date=16 July 2012 |archive-date=August 23, 2023}}</ref><ref name="2013-01-27 Independent" /><ref name="JDGiovanni">{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/style/tmagazine/21miller.html |title = What's a Girl to Do When a Battle Lands in Her Lap? |last = Giovanni |first = Janine D. |date = 21 October 2007 |website=The New York Times Magazine |pages=68–71 |access-date = 5 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.famousphotographers.net/lee-miller|title=Lee Miller {{!}} Photography and Biography|access-date=March 4, 2020|archive-date=August 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823042811/https://www.famousphotographers.net/lee-miller|url-status=live}}</ref> Some photographs taken by Miller are credited to Man Ray.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Prodger, Phillip |author2=Hartigan, Lynda Roscoe |author3=Penrose, Antony |type=exhibition catalogue, Peabody Essex Museum, Montclair Art Museum, and Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco |title=Man Ray / Lee Miller: Partners in Surrealism |year=2011 |publisher=Peabody Essex Museum/Merrell |location=Salem, Massachusetts/New York |isbn=978-1-85894-557-6}}</ref>

Along with Man Ray, Miller rediscovered the photographic technique of [[solarisation]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/solarisation|title=Solarisation – Art Term|last=Tate|website=Tate|access-date=July 1, 2019|archive-date=August 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823042816/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/solarisation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author1=Wells, Liz |title=Photography: A Critical Introduction |year=2004 |page=272 |publisher=Routledge |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0-415-30704-8}}</ref> through an accident which has been variously described. One of Miller's accounts involved a mouse running over her foot, causing her to switch on the light in the [[darkroom]] in mid-development of the photograph.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.famsf.org/blog/man-ray-and-lee-miller-excerpts-conversation-julian-cox|title=Man Ray and Lee Miller: Excerpts from a Conversation with Julian Cox|date=July 13, 2012|website=FAMSF|access-date=July 1, 2019|archive-date=July 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701030725/https://www.famsf.org/blog/man-ray-and-lee-miller-excerpts-conversation-julian-cox|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple made the technique a distinctive visual signature, examples being Man Ray's solarised portrait of Miller taken in Paris circa 1930, and Miller's portraits of fellow surrealist [[Méret Oppenheim|Meret Oppenheim]] (1930), Miller's friend Dorothy Hill (1933), and the silent film star [[Lilian Harvey]] (1933).<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Williams, Val |author2=Bright, Susan |type=exhibition catalogue, [[Tate Britain]] |chapter=New Freedoms in Photography |title=How We Are: Photographing Britain from the 1840s to the present |year=2007 |publisher=Tate Publishing |isbn=978-1-85437-714-2}}</ref>

Solarisation fits the [[surrealism|surrealist]] principle of the unconscious accident being integral to art and evokes the style's appeal to the irrational or paradoxical in combining opposites of positive and negative. [[Mark Haworth-Booth]] describes solarisation as "a perfect surrealist medium in which positive and negative occur simultaneously, as if in a dream".<ref>{{Citation |author1=Haworth-Booth, Mark |author2=Miller, Lee |type=exhibition catalogue |title=The Art of Lee Miller |year=2007 |page=https://archive.org/details/artofleemiller0000hawo/page/30 30] |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |isbn=978-0-300-12375-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/artofleemiller0000hawo/page/30}}</ref>

Among Miller's friends were Duchess [[Solange d'Ayen]]–the fashion editor of [[Vogue France|French ''Vogue'']],<ref>{{cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |title=Kate Winslet Joined by Marion Cotillard, Jude Law, Andrea Riseborough & Josh O'Connor for Film on Model-Turned-WWII Photographer Lee Miller |url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/kate-winslet-lee-miller-wwii-film-marion-cotillard-jude-law-andrea-riseborough-josh-oconnor-1234859103/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=August 22, 2023 |date=October 21, 2021 |archive-date=October 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021185235/https://deadline.com/2021/10/kate-winslet-lee-miller-wwii-film-marion-cotillard-jude-law-andrea-riseborough-josh-oconnor-1234859103/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pablo Picasso]] and fellow surrealists [[Paul Éluard]] and [[Jean Cocteau]]. Cocteau was so mesmerized by Miller's beauty that he transformed her into a plaster cast of a classical statue for his film, ''[[The Blood of a Poet]]'' (1930).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/homeofsurrealis00penr|url-access=registration|quote=Cocteau's The Blood of a Poet|page=[https://archive.org/details/homeofsurrealis00penr/page/31 31]|title=The Home of the Surrealists: Lee Miller, Roland Penrose, and Their Circle at Farley Farm|publisher=Frances Lincoln|isbn=978-0-7112-1726-3|first2=Anthony|last2=Penrose|first1=Alen |last1=MacWeeney|year=2001}}</ref> During a dispute with Man Ray regarding the attribution of their co-produced work, Man Ray is said to have slashed an image of Miller's neck with a razor.<ref name="Bukhari">Bukhari, Nuzhat; Amir Feshareki (2007). "Lee Miller's Ariadne Aesthetics," ''Modernism/Modernity,'' 14.1, pp. 147–152. ProQuest, March 2, 2017.</ref>

After leaving Man Ray and Paris in 1932, Miller returned to New York City.<ref>{{cite web |title=Miss Lee Miller of Poughkeepsie, NY, young artist who went to Paris several years ago to study painting but changed to camera study making quite a reputation for herself, is seen here aboard the S. S. Ile de France as she arrived in New York on Oct. 18. |url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/miss-lee-miller-of-poughkeepsie-ny-young-artist-who-went-to-news-photo/515582336 |website=[[Getty Images]] |publisher=[[Bettmann Archive]] |access-date=November 12, 2021 |location=New York |date=October 18, 1932 |archive-date=November 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112100259/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/miss-lee-miller-of-poughkeepsie-ny-young-artist-who-went-to-news-photo/515582336 |url-status=live}}</ref> She established a portrait and commercial photography studio (with $10,000 worth of backing from [[Christian R. Holmes II]] and Cliff Smith) with her brother Erik (who had worked for the fashion photographer Toni von Horn) as her darkroom assistant. Miller rented two apartments in a building one block from [[Radio City Music Hall]]. One of the apartments became her home, while the other became the Lee Miller Studio.<ref name="BEConekin">{{Cite book|title=Lee Miller in Fashion|last=Conekin|first=Becky E.|publisher=The Monacelli Press|year=2013}}</ref> Clients of the Lee Miller Studio included [[BBDO]], Henry Sell, [[Elizabeth Arden]], [[Helena Rubinstein]], [[Saks Fifth Avenue]], [[I. Magnin]] and Co., and Jay Thorpe.<ref name="BEConekin" />

During 1932, Miller was included in the ''Modern European Photography'' exhibition at the [[Julien Levy Gallery]] in New York and the [[Brooklyn Museum]]'s exhibition ''International Photographers'' with [[László Moholy-Nagy]], [[Cecil Beaton]], [[Margaret Bourke-White]], [[Tina Modotti]], [[Charles Sheeler]], Man Ray, and [[Edward Weston]].<ref name="P.Allmer">{{Cite book|title=Lee Miller: Photography, Surrealism, and Beyond|last=Allmer|first=Patricia|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2016}}</ref> In response to the exhibition, Katherine Grant Sterne wrote a review in ''Parnassus'' in March 1932, noting that Miller "has retained more of her American character in the Paris milieu. The very beautiful ''Bird Cages'' at Brooklyn; the study of a pink-nailed hand embedded in curly blond hair which is included in both the Brooklyn and the Julien Levy show; and the brilliant print of a white statue against a black drop, illuminating it rather than distort it."<ref name="P.Allmer" />

In 1933, Julien Levy gave Miller the only solo exhibition of her life.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conekin|first=Becky E.|title=Lee Miller: Model, Photographer and War Correspondent in Vogue, 1927–1953|journal=[[Fashion Theory]]|year=2006|volume=10|issue=1–2|pages=97–126 |doi=10.2752/136270406778051058|s2cid=162325789}}</ref> Among her portrait clients were the surrealist artist [[Joseph Cornell]], actresses [[Lilian Harvey]] and [[Gertrude Lawrence]], and the African-American cast of the [[Virgil Thomson]]–[[Gertrude Stein]] opera ''[[Four Saints in Three Acts]]'' (1934).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spark.adobe.com/page/5TU0qyWCjrHyb/|title=Lee Miller|website=Adobe Spark|access-date=March 4, 2020|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304014521/https://spark.adobe.com/page/5TU0qyWCjrHyb/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1934, Miller abandoned her studio to marry the Egyptian businessman and engineer Aziz Eloui Bey, who had come to New York City to buy equipment for the [[Egyptian National Railways]]. Although she did not work as a professional photographer during this period, the photographs she took while living in Egypt with Eloui, including ''Portrait of Space'', a desert landscape seen through a torn fly screen, are regarded as some of her most striking surrealist images.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wotfoto.com/photographers/lee-miller|title=Lee Miller Photographer {{!}} Biography & Information {{!}} wotfoto.com|website=Wotfoto|access-date=March 4, 2020|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304014521/https://wotfoto.com/photographers/lee-miller|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Cairo]], Miller took a photograph of the desert near Siwa that [[René Magritte|Magritte]] saw and used as inspiration for his 1938 painting ''Le Baiser''.<ref name="JDGiovanni" /> Miller also contributed an object to the ''Surrealist Objects and Poems'' exhibition at the London Gallery in 1934.<ref name="P.Allmer" />

By 1937, Miller had grown bored with her life in Cairo. She returned to Paris and went to a party the day she arrived, where she reconciled with Man Ray, and met the British surrealist painter and curator [[Roland Penrose]].<ref name="NPR2011"/>

Four of her photographs, "Egypt" (1939), "Roumania" (1938), "Libya" (1939), and "Sinai" (1939), were displayed at the [[Anton Zwemmer#Zwemmer Gallery|Zwemmer Gallery]]'s 1940 exhibition, ''Surrealism To-Day''. The [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA) included her work in the exhibition ''Britain at War'' in New York City in 1941.<ref>{{cite web |title=Britain at War. May 23 – Sep 2, 1941 |type=Archive |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3002 |website=The Museum of Modern Art }}</ref><ref name="P.Allmer" /> No other exhibition would include her photographs until 1955, when she was included in the renowned ''[[The Family of Man]]'' exhibition curated by [[Edward Steichen]], director of the MoMA Department of Photography.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Livingston|first=Jane|author-link=Jane Livingston|title=Lee Miller: Photographer|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=1989|isbn=978-0500541395}}</ref>