Editing Ladislaus I of Hungary (section)

=== Consolidation (1077–1085) ===
[[File:Laszlo-Coronation-ChroniconPictum.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Angels crowning King Saint Ladislaus ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)]]
Géza I died on 25 April 1077.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=32}} Since Géza's sons, [[Coloman, King of Hungary|Coloman]] and [[Álmos, Duke of Croatia|Álmos]], were [[Minor (law)|minors]], his supporters proclaimed Ladislaus king instead.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=110}} Gallus Anonymus emphasizes that King [[Boleslaus II the Bold]] of Poland "drove out" Solomon "from Hungary with his forces, and placed [Ladislaus] on the throne"; Boleslaus even called Ladislaus "his king".{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=338}}<ref>''The Deeds of the Princes of the Poles'' (ch. 27–28.), pp.&nbsp;97–99.</ref>{{sfn|Manteuffel|1982|p=97}} Although the ''Illuminated Chronicle'' emphasizes that Ladislaus "never placed the crown upon his head, for he desired a heavenly crown rather than the earthly crown of a mortal king", all his coins depict him wearing a crown, suggesting that Ladislaus was actually crowned around 1078.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=114}}<ref name="Chronicon_93_131_127">''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 93.131), p. 127.</ref>{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=93}} Shortly after his coronation, Ladislaus promulgated two law books, which incorporated the decisions of an assembly of the "magnates of the kingdom", held in [[Pannonhalma]].{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=27}}<ref>''Laws of King Ladislas I'' (Ladislas II:Preamble), p. 12.</ref> The majority of these laws were draconian measures to defend private property, showing that Ladislaus primarily focused on internal consolidation and security during the first years of his reign.{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=62}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=33}} Those who were caught [[theft|stealing]] were to be executed, and even criminals who committed minor offenses against property rights were blinded or sold as slaves.{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=62}} His other laws regulated legal proceedings and economic matters, including the issuing of [[Summons#Judicial summons|judicial summons]] and the [[royal monopoly]] on salt trade.{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=27}}{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=62}}

{{Blockquote|If someone, freeman or bondman, should be caught in theft, he shall be [[Hanging|hanged]]. But if he [[Sanctuary#Human sanctuary|flees to the church]] to evade the [[gallows]], he shall be led out of the church and blinded. A bondman caught in theft, if he does not flee to the church, shall be hanged; the owner of the stolen goods shall take a loss in the lost goods. The sons and daughters of a freeman caught in theft who fled to the church, was led out and blinded, if they are ten years old or less, shall retain their freedom; but if they are older than ten years they shall be reduced to servitude and lose all their property. A bondman or freeman who steals a goose or a hen shall lose one eye and shall restore what he has stolen.|''Laws of King Ladislas I''<ref>''Laws of King Ladislas I'' (Ladislas II:12), pp.&nbsp;14–16.</ref>}}

[[File:Ladislav1 denar1.jpg|thumb|right |alt=A small silver coin depicting a cross | Ladislaus's denar]]

The ''Illuminated Chronicle'' claims that Ladislaus planned to "restore the kingdom" to Solomon and "himself have the dukedom",<ref name="Chronicon_93_131_127" />{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=93}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=114}} but almost all contemporaneous sources contradict this report.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=117–118}} Ladislaus approached [[Pope Gregory VII]], who was the primary opponent of Solomon's ally, Henry IV of Germany.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=117–118}} At the Pope's request, Ladislaus sheltered [[Bavaria]]n nobles who had rebelled against Henry.{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=94}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=118}} In 1078 or 1079, Ladislaus married [[Adelaide of Rheinfelden|Adelaide]], a daughter of [[Rudolf of Rheinfelden]], whom [[Saxon revolt of 1077–1088|the German princes had elected]] to take the place of Henry IV as king.{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=94}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=118}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=92}} Ladislaus supported [[Leopold II, Margrave of Austria]], who also rebelled against Henry IV; however, the German monarch forced Leopold to surrender in May 1078.{{sfn|Robinson|1999|p=191}}

Taking advantage of the internal conflicts in the Holy Roman Empire, Ladislaus besieged and captured the fortress of Moson from Solomon in early 1079.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=92}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=119}} However, Henry IV stormed the western regions of Hungary, and secured Solomon's position.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=119}} The German invasion also prevented Ladislaus from assisting Boleslaus the Bold, who fled to Hungary after his subjects expelled him from Poland.{{sfn|Manteuffel|1982|p=98}} Ladislaus initiated negotiations with Solomon, who abdicated in 1080 or 1081 in exchange for "revenues sufficient to bear the expenses of a king".{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=33}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=92}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=119}}<ref name="Chronicon_94_133_128">''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 94.133), p. 128.</ref> However, Solomon soon began conspiring against Ladislaus, and Ladislaus imprisoned him.{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=93}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=119}}

The first five Hungarian saints, including the first king of Hungary, [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]], and Stephen's son, [[Saint Emeric of Hungary|Emeric]], were [[canonization|canonized]] during Ladislaus's reign.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=119}} Stephen's canonization demonstrates Ladislaus's magnanimity, because Ladislaus's grandfather, [[Vazul]], had been blinded on Stephen's orders in the 1030s.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=33}}{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=63}} Historian László Kontler says that the canonization ceremony, held in August 1083, was also a political act, demonstrating Ladislaus's "commitment to preserving and strengthening" the Christian state.{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=64}} Ladislaus even dedicated a newly established [[Benedictine]] monastery{{spaced ndash}}Szentjobb Abbey{{spaced ndash}}to Stephen's right arm, known as the "[[Stephen I of Hungary#Legacy#His Holy Dexter|Holy Dexter]]", which was miraculously found intact.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=33}} Ladislaus released Solomon at the time of the ceremony;{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=33}} legend said that Stephen's grave could not be opened until he did so.{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=94}}

{{Blockquote|[The] Lord, in order to show how merciful [King Stephen I] had been while living in a mortal body, demonstrated his approval of [Stephen's revelation as a saint] before all other works when [the king] was already reigning with Christ to the point that though for three days they struggled with all their might to raise his holy body, it was not by any means to be moved from its place. For in that time, because of the sins, a grave discord arose between the said king Ladislas and his cousin Solomon, because of which, Solomon, captured, was held in prison. Therefore when they tried in vain to raise the body, a certain [[recluse]] at the church of the Holy Savior in Bökénysomlyó, by the name of Karitas, whose famous life at the time was held in esteem, confided to the king by a revelation made to her from heaven that they exerted themselves in vain; it would be impossible to transfer the relics of the holy king until unconditional pardon was offered to Solomon, setting him free from the confinement of prison. And thus, bringing him forth from the prison, and repeating the three-day fast, when the third day arrived for the transferal of the holy remains, the stone lying over the grave was lifted up with such ease as if it had been of no weight before.|''[[Hartvik|Hartvic]], [[Legenda Hartviciana|Life of King Stephen of Hungary]]''<ref>''Hartvic, Life of King Stephen of Hungary'' (ch. 24.), p. 393.</ref>}}

After his release, Solomon made a final effort to regain his crown.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=33}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=93}} He persuaded a [[Pechenegs|Pecheneg]] chieftain, Kutesk, to invade Hungary in 1085.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=93}} Ladislaus defeated the invaders at the upper courses of the [[Tisza River]].{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=93}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=121}}