Editing Kurdistan (section)

=== Post-classical history ===
{{Main|Shaddadids|Rawadids|Hasanwayhids|Annazids|Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)}}
[[File:Old Kurdistan Map, Ibn Hawqal.png|thumb|225px|left|Map of [[Jibal]] (mountains of northeastern Mesopotamia), highlighting "Summer and winter resorts of the Kurds", the Kurdish lands. Redrawn from [[Ibn Hawqal]], 977 CE.]]
[[File:Kashgari map.jpg|thumb|225px|The map from [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]]'s ''[[Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk]]'' (1072–74), included Kurdistan.<ref name = "Gunes">{{cite book |editor1-last=Gunes |editor1-first=Cengiz |editor2-last=Bozarslan |editor2-first=Hamit |editor3-last=Yadirgi |editor3-first=Veli |title=The Cambridge History of the Kurds |date=22 April 2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=31}}</ref>]]

In the tenth and eleventh centuries, several [[Kurdish principalities]] emerged in the region: in the north the [[Shaddadids]] (951–1174) (in east [[Transcaucasia]] between the [[Kura (Caspian Sea)|Kur]] and [[Aras (river)|Araxes]] rivers) and the [[Rawadids]] (955–1221) (centered on [[Tabriz]] and which controlled all of [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]]), in the east the [[Hasanwayhids]] (959–1015) (in Zagros between Shahrizor and [[Khuzistan]]) and the [[Annazids]] (990–1116) (centered in [[Hulwan]]) and in the west the [[Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)|Marwanids]] (990–1096) to the south of [[Diyarbakır]] and north of [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|Jazira]].<ref>Maria T. O'Shea, ''Trapped between the map and reality: geography and perceptions of Kurdistan '', 258 pp., Routledge, 2004. (see p. 68)</ref><ref name="I. Gershevitch, 1968. p. 237"/>

Kurdistan in the [[Middle Ages]] was a collection of semi-independent and independent states called [[emirate]]s. It was nominally under indirect political or religious influence of [[Khalif]]s or [[Shah]]s. A comprehensive history of these states and their relationship with their neighbors is given in the text of ''Sharafnama'', written by Prince [[Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi]] in 1597.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mazdapublishers.com/book/sharafnama |title=Sharafnama: History of the Kurdish Nation |publisher=Mazdapublishers.com |access-date=10 December 2017}}</ref><ref>For a list of these entities see [http://www.kurdistanica.com/english/geography/maps/map-03.html Kurdistan and its native Provincial subdivisions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051118033137/http://www.kurdistanica.com/english/geography/maps/map-03.html |date=18 November 2005 }}</ref> The emirates included [[Baban]], [[Soran Emirate|Soran]], [[Badinan Emirate|Badinan]] and [[Garmiyan]] in the south; Bakran, Bohtan (or Botan) and [[Badlis]] in the north, and [[Mukriyan]] and [[Ardalan]] in the east.

The earliest medieval attestation of the [[toponym]] ''Kurdistan'' is found in a 12th-century [[Armenian language|Armenian]] historical text by [[Matthew of Edessa|Matteos Urhayeci]]. He described a battle near [[Diyarbakır|Amid]] and [[Siverek]] in 1062 as to have taken place in ''Kurdistan''.<ref>Matt'eos Urhayec'i, {{in lang|hy}} ''Ժամանակագրություն'' (Chronicle), ed. by M. Melik-Adamyan et al., Erevan, 1991. (p. 156)</ref><ref>G. Asatrian, ''Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds'', Iran and the Caucasus, Vol. 13, pp. 1–58, 2009. (see p. 19)</ref> The second record occurs in the prayer from the [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] of an Armenian manuscript of the [[Gospels]], written in 1200.<ref>A.S. Mat'evosyan, ''Colophons of the Armenian Manuscripts'', Erevan, 1988. (p. 307)</ref><ref>G. Asatrian, ''Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds'', Iran and the Caucasus, Vol. 13, pp. 1–58, 2009. (p. 20)</ref>

A later use of the term ''Kurdistan'' is found in [[Empire of Trebizond]] documents in 1336<ref>Zehiroglu, Ahmet M. "Trabzon Imparatorlugu" 2016 ({{ISBN|978-605-4567-52-2}}); p. 169</ref> and in ''[[Nuzhat al-Qulub]]'', written by [[Hamdallah Mustawfi]] in 1340.<ref>G. Asatrian, ''Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds'', Iran and the Caucasus, Vol. 13, pp. 1–58, 2009. (see p. 20)</ref>[[File:British Government memoranda regarding Article 25 of the Palestine Mandate with respect to Transjordan, March 1921.jpg|thumb|left|British Government 1921 proposal from the [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Secretary]], [[Winston Churchill]], for an autonomous region of Kurdistan.]]
[[File:Cedid Atlas (Middle East) 1803.jpg|thumb|300px|1803 map from the ''[[Cedid Atlas]]'', the first Muslim atlas, showing Kurdistan in blue]]
According to Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi in his [[Sharafnama]], the boundaries of the Kurdish land begin at the [[Strait of Hormuz]] in the [[Persian Gulf]] and stretch on an even line to the end of [[Malatya]] and [[Kahramanmaraş|Marash]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Özoğlu |first=Hakan |date=2004 |title=Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State |publisher=State University of New York Press |pages=27–28 |isbn=978-0-7914-5993-5}}</ref> [[Evliya Çelebi]], who traveled in the region between 1640 and 1655, mentioned that Kurdistan includes  [[Erzurum]], [[Van, Turkey|Van]], [[Hakkari (historical region)|Hakkari]], [[Cizre]], [[Amadiya|Imaddiya]], [[Mosul]], [[Shahrizor]], [[Harir]], [[Ardalan]], [[Baghdad]], Derne, Derteng, until [[Basra]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Özoğlu |first=Hakan |date=2004 |title=Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State |publisher=State University of New York Press |page=34 |isbn=978-0-7914-5993-5}}</ref>

In the 16th century, after prolonged wars, Kurdish-inhabited areas were split between the [[Safavid Empire|Safavid]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] empires. A major division of Kurdistan occurred in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Chaldiran]] in 1514, and was formalized in the 1639 [[Treaty of Zuhab]].<ref>C. Dahlman, "The Political Geography of Kurdistan", ''Eurasian Geography and Economics'', Vol.43, No.4, pp.271–299, 2002.</ref> In a geography textbook of late Ottoman military school by [[Ahmed Cevad Pasha|Ahmet Cevad]] Kurdistan span over the cities [[Erzurum]], [[Van, Turkey|Van]], [[Urfa]], [[Sulaymaniyah|Sulaymanyah]], [[Kirkuk]], [[Mosul]] and [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbakir]] among others and was one out of six regions of Ottoman Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Özkan |first=Behlül |date=2014-05-04 |title=Making a National Vatan in Turkey: Geography Education in the Late Ottoman and Early Republican Periods |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2014.886569 |journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies]] |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=461 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2014.886569 |s2cid=144455272 |issn=0026-3206}}</ref>