Editing Kingdom of Jerusalem (section)

=== First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom ===
{{main|First Crusade}}
The First Crusade was preached at the [[Council of Clermont]] in 1095 by [[Pope Urban II]], with the goal of assisting the [[Byzantine Empire]] against the invasions of the "[[Seljuk Turks|Turks]] and Arabs" and "to destroy this vile race from the lands of our friends."<ref>Quote from the speech of Pope Urban II, {{cite web |title=Pope Urban II's Speech Calling for the First Crusade |date=25 September 2013 |url=https://www1.cbn.com/spirituallife/calling-for-the-first-crusade#Robert }}</ref> However, the main objective quickly became the control of the [[Holy Land]]. The Byzantines were frequently at war with the Seljuks and other Turkish dynasties for control of [[Anatolia]] and [[Syria]]. The Sunni Seljuks had formerly ruled the [[Seljuk Empire]], but this empire had collapsed into several smaller states after the death of [[Malik-Shah I]] in 1092. Malik-Shah was succeeded in the Anatolian [[Sultanate of Rum]] by [[Kilij Arslan I]], and in Syria by his brother [[Tutush I]], who died in 1095. Tutush's sons [[Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan]] and [[Duqaq (Seljuk ruler of Damascus)|Duqaq]] inherited [[Aleppo]] and [[Damascus]] respectively, further dividing Syria amongst emirs antagonistic towards each other, as well as [[Kerbogha]], the [[atabeg]] of [[Mosul]]. This disunity among the Anatolian and Syrian emirs allowed the Crusaders to overcome any military opposition they faced on the way to Jerusalem.{{Sfn|Holt|1989|pp=11, 14–15}}

Egypt and much of Palestine were controlled by the [[Fatimid Caliphate]], which had extended further into Syria before the arrival of the Seljuks. Warfare between the Fatimids and Seljuks caused great disruption for the local Christians and for Western pilgrims. The Fatimids, under the nominal rule of [[caliph]] [[al-Musta'li]] but actually controlled by [[vizier]] [[al-Afdal Shahanshah]], had lost Jerusalem to the Seljuks in 1073;{{Sfn|Gil|1997|pp=410, 411 note 61}} they recaptured it in 1098 from the [[Artuqids]], a smaller Turkish tribe associated with the Seljuks, just before the arrival of the crusaders.{{Sfn|Holt|1989|pp=11–14}}

[[File:Godefroi1099.jpg|thumb|left|After the successful siege of Jerusalem in 1099, [[Godfrey of Bouillon]], leader of the First Crusade, became the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.]]
The Crusaders arrived at Jerusalem in June 1099; a few of the neighbouring towns ([[Ramla]], [[Lod|Lydda]], [[Bethlehem]], and others) were taken first, and Jerusalem itself [[siege of Jerusalem (1099)|was captured]] on July 15.<ref>The First Crusade is extensively documented in primary and secondary sources. See for example [[Thomas Asbridge]], ''The First Crusade: A New History'' (Oxford: 2004); {{harv|Tyerman|2006}}; [[Jonathan Riley-Smith]], ''The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading'' (Pennsylvania: 1991); and the lively but outdated [[Steven Runciman]], ''A History of the Crusades: Volume 1, The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem'' (Cambridge: 1953).</ref> On 22 July, a council was held in the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] to establish a king for the newly created Kingdom of Jerusalem. [[Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse]] and [[Godfrey of Bouillon]] were recognized as the leaders of the crusade and the siege of Jerusalem. Raymond was the wealthier and more powerful of the two, but at first he refused to become king, perhaps attempting to show his piety and probably hoping that the other nobles would insist upon his election anyway.{{Sfn|Tyerman|2006|pp=159–160}} The more popular Godfrey did not hesitate like Raymond, and accepted the position as leader. Most modern historians chronicle that he took the title ''[[Title of Godfrey of Bouillon|Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri]]'' ("advocate" or "defender" of the Holy Sepulchre). Others report that Godfrey himself seems to have used the more ambiguous term ''princeps'', or simply retained his title of ''dux'' from Lower Lorraine. According to William of Tyre, writing in the later 12th century when Godfrey had become a legendary hero, he refused to wear "a crown of gold" where Christ had worn "a [[crown of thorns]]".<ref>[[William of Tyre]], ''A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea'', trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey, [[Columbia University Press]], 1943, vol. 1, bk. 9, ch. 9.</ref><ref>Riley-Smith (1979), "The Title of Godfrey of Bouillon", ''Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research'' '''52''', pp. 83–86.</ref><ref>Murray, Alan V. (1990), "The Title of Godfrey of Bouillon as Ruler of Jerusalem", ''Collegium Medievale'' '''3''', pp. 163–178.</ref> Raymond was incensed and took his army to forage away from the city. The new kingdom, and Godfrey's reputation, was secured with the defeat of the Egyptian army under [[al-Afdal Shahanshah]] at the [[Battle of Ascalon]] one month after the conquest, on August 12, but Raymond and Godfrey's continued antagonism prevented the crusaders from taking control of [[Ascalon]] itself.<ref>Asbridge, pg. 326.</ref>

There was still some uncertainty about what to do with the new kingdom. The [[papal legate]] [[Daimbert of Pisa]] convinced Godfrey to hand over Jerusalem to him as [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem|Latin patriarch]], with the intention to set up a theocratic state directly under papal control. According to William of Tyre, Godfrey may have supported Daimbert's efforts, and he agreed to take possession of {{qi|one or two other cities and thus enlarge the kingdom}} if Daimbert were permitted to rule Jerusalem.<ref>William of Tyre, vol. 1, bk. 9, ch. 16, pg. 404.</ref> Godfrey did indeed increase the boundaries of the kingdom, by capturing [[Jaffa]], [[Haifa]], [[Tiberias]], and other cities, and reducing many others to tributary status. He set the foundations for the [[Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem|system of vassalage]] in the kingdom, establishing the [[Principality of Galilee]] and the [[County of Jaffa]], but his reign was short, and he died of an illness in 1100. His brother [[Baldwin I of Jerusalem|Baldwin of Boulogne]] successfully outmanoeuvred Daimbert and claimed Jerusalem for himself as "[[King of Jerusalem|King of the Latins of Jerusalem]]". Daimbert compromised by crowning Baldwin I in Bethlehem rather than Jerusalem, but the path for a [[Elective monarchy#Kingdom of Jerusalem|monarchy]] had been laid.{{Sfn|Tyerman|2006|pp=201–202}} Within this framework, a [[Catholic Church|Catholic church]] hierarchy was established, overtop of the local [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Syriac Orthodox]] authorities, who retained their own hierarchies (the Catholics considered them schismatics and thus illegitimate, and vice versa). Under the Latin patriarch, there were four suffragan archdioceses and numerous dioceses.{{sfn|Mayer|1988|pages=171–76}}