Editing Khartoum (section)

===20th century===
[[File:Die Gartenlaube (1888) b 617.jpg|thumb|Khartoum in 1888|left]]During World War II, the Italian Empire attempted to advance into Sudan from [[Italian East Africa|Ethiopia]], with the end goal of capturing Khartoum. However, the [[Northern front, East Africa, 1940|Italian attack]] was repelled by British forces in Sudan.

The fourth [[Arab League]] summit was held in Khartoum on 29 August 1967.

In 1973, the city was the site of a [[Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum|hostage crisis]] in which members of [[Black September Organization|Black September]] held 10 hostages at the Saudi Arabian embassy, five of them diplomats. The US ambassador, the US deputy ambassador, and the Belgian ''chargé d'affaires'' were murdered. The remaining hostages were released. A 1973 [[United States Department of State]] document, declassified in 2006, concluded: "The Khartoum operation was planned and carried out with the full knowledge and personal approval of [[Yasser Arafat]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/67584.pdf |title=The Seizure of the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Khartoum |website=U.S. Department of State |access-date=2014-01-28 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802205255/https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/67584.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1977, the first oil pipeline between Khartoum and [[Port Sudan]] was completed.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQiPecYNgPYC&q=In+1977%2C+the+first+oil+pipeline+between+Khartoum+and+the+Port+of+Sudan+was+completed.&pg=PA174 |title=Minerals Yearbook |date=1995 |publisher=Bureau of Mines |language=en |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419233115/https://books.google.com/books?id=vQiPecYNgPYC&q=In+1977%2C+the+first+oil+pipeline+between+Khartoum+and+the+Port+of+Sudan+was+completed.&pg=PA174 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Organisation of African Unity|Organization of African Unity]] summit of 18–22 July 1978 was held in Khartoum, during which Sudan was awarded the [[Organisation of African Unity|OAU]] presidency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Gordon |title=The Organization of African Unity |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1994 |isbn=9781412830270 |location=London, United Kingdom |pages=29}}</ref>
[[File:Sudan Khartoum Palace 1936.jpg|thumb|Government House (1936); now the Presidential Palace]]

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Khartoum was the destination of hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing conflicts in neighboring nations such as [[Chad]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]] and [[Uganda]]. Many Eritrean and Ethiopian refugees assimilated into society, while others settled in large slums on the city's outskirts. Since the mid-1980s, large numbers of refugees from [[South Sudan]] and [[Darfur]] – fleeing the violence of the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] and [[Darfur conflict]] – have settled around Khartoum.

In 1991, [[Osama bin Laden]] purchased [[Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum|a house]] in the affluent [[Riyad, Khartoum|al-Riyadh]] neighborhood of the city and another in [[Soba (city)|Soba]]. He lived there until 1996, when he was banished from the country. Following the [[1998 U.S. embassy bombings]], the United States accused bin Laden's [[al-Qaeda]] group and, on 20 August, launched [[cruise missile]] attacks on the [[al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory]] in [[Khartoum North]]. The factory's destruction created diplomatic tension between the U.S. and Sudan. The factory ruins are now a tourist attraction.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cybriwsky |first=Roman Adrian |title=Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2013 |isbn=9781610692489 |pages=140}}</ref>

In November 1991, the government of President [[Omar al-Bashir]] sought to remove half the population from the city. The residents, deemed [[Squatting in Sudan|squatters]], were mostly southern Sudanese whom the government feared could be potential rebel sympathizers. Around 425,000 people were placed in five "Peace Camps" in the desert an hour's drive from Khartoum. The camps were watched over by heavily armed security guards, many relief agencies were banned from assisting, and "the nearest food was at a market four miles away, a vast journey in the desert heat". Many residents were reduced to having only burlap sacks as housing. The intentional displacement was part of a large urban renewal plan backed by the housing minister, Sharaf Bannaga.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Me against my brother : at war in Somalia, Sudan, and Rwanda : a journalist reports from the battlefields of Africa |author=Peterson, Scott |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415921988 |location=New York |oclc=43287853}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0331/31041.html |title=Khartoum Squatters Forcibly Displaced |date=1992-03-31 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |access-date=2019-03-21 |issn=0882-7729 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321211536/https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0331/31041.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/09/world/sudan-is-undeterred-in-drive-to-expel-squatters.html |title=Sudan Is Undeterred in Drive to Expel Squatters |last=Miller |first=Judith |date=1992-03-09 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-03-21 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902063209/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/09/world/sudan-is-undeterred-in-drive-to-expel-squatters.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|left|Khartoum with White and Blue Niles]]