Editing Kenneth Kaunda (section)

===Economic policies===
[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F031748-0006, Frankfurt-Main, Kenneth Kaunda bei Hoechst.jpg|thumb|Kaunda in [[Frankfurt]], West Germany, 1970]]
Kaunda's newly independent government inherited a country with one of the most vibrant economies in sub-Saharan Africa, largely on account of its rich mineral deposits,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fundanga |first1=Caleb M |title=Zambia's economic outlook - what have we learnt in the last 40 years and where do we go from here? |url=https://www.bis.org/review/r050203g.pdf |access-date=22 June 2021 |date=7 January 2005 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901025422/https://www.bis.org/review/r050203g.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> albeit one that was largely under the control of foreign and multinational interests.<ref>{{cite web |title=Presentation of the Government of Zambia: Action Programme for the Development of Zambia |url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/aconf191cp9zam.en.pdf |website=UNCTAD |access-date=22 June 2021 |date=6 March 2001 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502060612/https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/aconf191cp9zam.en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
For example, the [[British South Africa Company]] (BSAC, founded by [[Cecil Rhodes]]) still retained commercial assets and mineral rights that it had acquired from a [[Concession (contract)|concession]] signed with the [[Litunga]] of Bulozi in 1890. Only by threatening to expropriate it on the eve of independence did Kaunda manage to get favourable concessions from the BSAC.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79842003/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |title=Mineral dispute settled |date=24 October 1984 |page=1 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

His ineptness at economic management blighted his country's development after independence. Despite having some of the finest farming land in Africa, Kaunda adopted the same socialist agricultural policies as Tanzania, with disastrous results.<ref name="Times">{{cite journal|journal=The Times|date=18 June 2021|title=obituary}} {{dead link|date=June 2021}}</ref>

Deciding on a planned economy, Zambia instituted a programme of national development, under the direction of the National Commission for Development Planning, which instituted a "Transitional Development Plan" and the "First National Development Plan". The two operations brought major investment in the infrastructure and manufacturing sectors. In April 1968, Kaunda initiated the [[Mulungushi]] Reforms, which sought to bring Zambia's foreign-owned corporations under national control under the Industrial Development Corporation. Over the subsequent years, a number of mining corporations were nationalised, although the country's banks, such as [[Barclays]] and [[Standard Chartered]], remained foreign-owned. The Zambian economy suffered a setback from 1973, when rising oil prices and falling copper prices combined to reduce the state's income from the nationalised mines. The country fell into debt with the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), and the Third National Development Plan had to be abandoned as crisis management replaced long-term planning. His weak attempts at economic reforms in the 1980s hastened Zambia's decline.<ref name="Times"/> A number of negotiations with the IMF followed, and by 1990 Kaunda was forced into partial privatisation of the state-owned corporations. The country's economic woes ultimately contributed to his fall from power.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maier |first1=Karl |title=Kaunda Swept From Office In Lopsided Zambian Vote |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/02/kaunda-swept-from-office-in-lopsided-zambian-vote/533a319b-ebdc-47f8-aaf1-e9d26d41f3b0/ |access-date=19 June 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2 November 1991}}</ref><ref name="BritanicaEconomy">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Zambia – Economy |last=Williams |first=Geoffrey J. |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |access-date=19 June 2021 |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/Religion#ref44125 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202437/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/Religion#ref44125 |url-status=live }}</ref>