Editing Keiretsu (section)

===Vertical ''keiretsu''===
Vertical ''keiretsu'' (also known as industrial or distribution'' keiretsu'') are used to link suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors of one industry. Banks have less influence on vertical ''keiretsu''. Examples of this type include [[Toyota]], [[Toshiba]], and [[Nissan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Manufacturing: Design, Production, Automation, and Integration|url=https://archive.org/details/manufacturingdes00benh|url-access=limited|last=Benhabib|first=Beno|date=2003|publisher=Marcel Dekker, Inc.|isbn=0824742737|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/manufacturingdes00benh/page/n550 19]}}</ref> One or more sub-companies, arranged in tiers of importance, are created to benefit the parent company. Major suppliers form the second tier beneath the parent, and smaller manufacturing companies make up the third and fourth tiers. Those at the highest levels are most profitable, and most insulated from fluctuations in the market.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Keiretsu?|date=6 April 2019 |url=https://www.tech-faq.com/keiretsu.html|access-date=2022-02-03|language=en-US}}</ref>

Some vertical ''keiretsu'' may belong to one or another horizontal ''keiretsu''.<ref name=":0" /> Some vertical ''keiretsu'' are [[family business]]es, such as the [[Hitotsubashi Group|Hitotsubashi/Shogakukan]], [[Kodansha|Otowa/Kodansha]] and [[APA Group (Japan)|APA]] groups. Studies have found these vertical ''keiretsus,'' particularly those that belong to the same horizontal ''keiretsu'', are more likely to form alliances than the other types or even those companies where one or two have ''keiretsu'' affiliations.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Japan's Network Economy: Structure, Persistence, and Change|url=https://archive.org/details/japansnetworkeco00linc|url-access=limited|last1=Lincoln|first1=James R.|last2=Gerlach|first2=Michael L.|date=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521453046|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/japansnetworkeco00linc/page/n376 362]}}</ref> Vertical ''keiretsu'' is considered an effective and competitive organizational model in the car industry.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Governance in the Business Environment|last1=Aras|first1=Guler|last2=Uddin|first2=Shahzad|date=2011|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=9780857248770|location=Bingley, UK|pages=101}}</ref>