Editing Kashubians (section)

===Historical population===
[[File:Kaszubi Ramult.png|thumb|Kashubian population in year 1892]]
Until the end of the 12th century, the vast majority of inhabitants of Pomerania ([[Hither Pomerania|Hither]], [[Farther Pomerania|Farther]] and [[Pomerelia|Eastern]]) were [[West Slavic languages|Slavic-speakers]], but the province was quite sparsely populated, with large areas covered by forests and waste lands. During the 13th century, the German {{lang|de|[[Ostsiedlung]]}} began in this region. [[Duchy of Pomerania|Slavic dukes of Pomerania]] such as [[Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim I]] (1220–1278) – despite calling themselves {{lang|la|dux Slavorum et Cassubie}} – contributed a lot to the change of ethnic structure by promoting German immigration and granting land to German nobles, monks and clergy. The Slavic ruling dynasty itself started intermarrying with German princesses and became culturally Germanized over time. [[Wends|Wendish]] commoners became alienated in their own land, their culture replaced by that of newcomers. All of this led to [[Cultural assimilation|Germanization]] of most of Slavic [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Pomeranians]] and the gradual [[Language death|death]] of their Slavic language, with the general direction of assimilation and [[language shift]] from west to east.[[File:West Prussia Language Map 1910.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Mother Tongues of West Prussia, according to the 1910 Census; Kashubians are indicated in shades of blue, in northern West Prussia]][[Johannes Bugenhagen]] wrote that at the beginning of the 16th century the German-Slavic [[language border]] was near [[Koszalin]]. During the 17th century, the border between areas with mostly German-speaking and mostly Slavic-speaking populations ran more or less along the present-day border between [[West Pomeranian Voivodeship|West Pomeranian]] and [[Pomeranian Voivodeship|Pomeranian]] Voivodeships.

In year 1612, cartographer [[Eilhard Lubinus]] – while working on his map of Pomerania – travelled from the direction of [[Polanów|Pollnow]] towards [[Trzebielino|Treblin]] on his way to [[Gdańsk|Danzig]]. While staying in the manor house of Stanislaus Stenzel von Puttkamer in Treblin, he noted in his diary: "we have entered Slavic-inhabited lands, which has surprised us a lot." Later, while returning from [[Gdańsk|Danzig]] to [[Szczecin|Stettin]], Lubinus slept over in [[Wielka Wieś, Pomeranian Voivodeship|Wielka Wieś]] near [[Słupsk|Stolp]], and noted: "in the whole village, we cannot find even one German-speaker" (which caused communication problems). Lubinus also travelled from [[Chocimino]] through [[Świerzno, Pomeranian Voivodeship|Świerzno]] to Trzebielino, he entered Slavic-inhabited land. During another trip, near [[Wierzchocino]], he was not able to find even one German-speaking person.

Over a century later, in 1772–1778, the area was visited by [[Johann Bernoulli]]. He noted that villages owned by [[Otto Christoph von Podewils]] – such as [[Dochowo|Dochow]], [[Szczypkowice|Zipkow]] and [[Warblino|Warbelin]] – were inhabited entirely by Slavic-speakers. He also noted that local priests and nobles were making great efforts to weed out Slavic language and turn their subjects into Germans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mordawski|first=Jan|date=2010|title=Stosunki etniczne w zachodniej części województwa pomorskiego|url=http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Acta_Cassubiana/Acta_Cassubiana-r2010-t12/Acta_Cassubiana-r2010-t12-s93-122/Acta_Cassubiana-r2010-t12-s93-122.pdf|journal=Acta Cassubiana|language=pl|volume=12|pages=93–96|access-date=30 November 2019|archive-date=3 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703072801/http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Acta_Cassubiana/Acta_Cassubiana-r2010-t12/Acta_Cassubiana-r2010-t12-s93-122/Acta_Cassubiana-r2010-t12-s93-122.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Brüggemann in 1779 wrote that the area to the east of [[Łupawa (river)|Lupow]] river was inhabited by "pure-blood Wends", while to the west of this river some rural areas were inhabited by already [[Germanisation|half-Germanised]] "Wendischdeutsche".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1911 |title=Z podróży na Pomorze |url=http://www.ziemia.pttk.pl/Ziemia/Ziemia_NR_35_1911.pdf |journal=Ziemia |volume=35 |issue=II |pages=573 |via=www.ziemia.pttk.pl/Ziemia/ |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822174528/http://www.ziemia.pttk.pl/Ziemia/Ziemia_NR_35_1911.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Perhaps the earliest census figures on [[Ethnic group|ethnic]] or [[National identity|national]] structure of West Prussia<ref name="Hassel 1823">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31DMAJgQV28C&pg=PA42|title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt|last1=Hassel|first1=Georg|publisher=Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar|year=1823}}</ref>{{rp|42}} and [[Farther Pomerania]] are from 1817 to 1823.<ref name="Hassel 1823" />{{rp|31}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Ethnic structure ({{lang|de|Nationalverschiedenheit}}) of [[West Prussia]] in 1817–1819<ref name="Hassel 1823" />{{rp|42}}
!Ethnic group
!Population (number)
!Population (percent)
|-
|[[Polish people|Poles]] ({{lang|de|Polen}}), incl. Kashubs (number not specified)
|327,300
|52%
|-
|Germans ({{lang|de|Deutsche}}), incl. [[Vistula delta Mennonites|Mennonites]] ({{lang|de|Mennoniten}})
|277,350 + 12,650 Mennonites
|44% + 2% (Mennonites)
|-
|Jews ({{lang|de|Juden}})
|12,700
|2%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''630,077'''
|'''100%'''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Ethnic structure ({{lang|de|Nationalverschiedenheit}}) of the [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]] in 1817–1819<ref name="Hassel 1823" />{{rp|31}}
!Ethnic group
!Population (number)
!Population (percent)
|-
|Germans ({{lang|de|Deutsche}})
|633,000
|90.3%
|-
|Slavic [[Wends]] and Kashubians ({{lang|de|Wenden und Kassuben}})
|65,000
|9.3%
|-
|Jews ({{lang|de|Juden}})
|2,976
|0.4%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''700,766'''
|'''100%'''
|}

[[Karl Andree]], {{lang|de|Polen: in geographischer, geschichtlicher und culturhistorischer Hinsicht}} (Leipzig 1831), gives the total population of West Prussia as 700,000 – including 50% Poles (350,000), 47% Germans (330,000) and 3% Jews (20,000). Kashubians are included with Poles, while [[Mennonites]] with Germans.<ref name="Karl Andree">{{cite book |first1=Karl|last1=Andree|title=Polen: in geographischer, geschichtlicher und culturhistorischer Hinsicht|publisher=Verlag von Ludwig Schumann|year=1831|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xgUEAAAAYAAJ/page/n221 212]|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xgUEAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>

Modern estimates of Kashubian population in West Prussia in the early 19th century, by county, are given by Leszek Belzyt and Jan Mordawski:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kashubians in counties of Eastern Kashubia in 1831 according to modern scholars:
!County (Kreis)
!Total population
!Kashubians and Poles
!Percent
|-
|Wejherowo-Puck (Weyersfrey-Putzig)
|35,250
|28,905
|82.0%<ref name="Mordawski 2017">{{Cite book|url=http://static.scholaris.pl/resource_imp/113/113621/PLIKI_1/pdf_14_XII_atlas_z_hiperlaczami.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621155443/http://static.scholaris.pl/resource_imp/113/113621/PLIKI_1/pdf_14_XII_atlas_z_hiperlaczami.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 June 2020|title=Atlas dziejów Pomorza i jego mieszkańców – Kaszubów|last=Mordawski|first=Jan|publisher=Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie|year=2017|isbn=978-83-62137-38-1|location=Gdańsk|pages=35–36|language=pl}}</ref>
|-
|Kartuzy (Karthaus)
|29,144
|24,772
|85.0%<ref name="Mordawski 2017" />
|-
|Kościerzyna (Berent)
|23,120
|16,646
|72.0%<ref name="Mordawski 2017" />
|-
|Chojnice (Konitz) without Tuchola
|23,000
|15,525
|67.5%<ref name="Mordawski 2017" />
|-
|Gdańsk Highlands (Danziger Höhe)
|27,000
|9,450
|35.0%<ref name="Mordawski 2017" />
|-
|Człuchów (Schlochau)
|32,611
|8,100
|25.0%<ref name="Belzyt 2017">{{Cite journal|last=Belzyt|first=Leszek|date=2017|title=Kaszubi w świetle pruskich danych spisowych w latach 1827–1911|url=http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Acta_Cassubiana/Acta_Cassubiana-r2017-t19/Acta_Cassubiana-r2017-t19-s194-235/Acta_Cassubiana-r2017-t19-s194-235.pdf|journal=Acta Cassubiana|volume=19|pages=227|via=BazHum MuzHP|access-date=30 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703072756/http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Acta_Cassubiana/Acta_Cassubiana-r2017-t19/Acta_Cassubiana-r2017-t19-s194-235/Acta_Cassubiana-r2017-t19-s194-235.pdf|archive-date=3 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!'''Total in Eastern Kashubia:'''
!170,125
!103,400
!60.8%
|}
According to [[Georg Hassel]], there were 65,000 Slavic-speakers in the whole [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Provinz Pommern]] in 1817–1819. Modern estimates for just eastern parts of [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Pommern]] (Western Kashubia) in early 1800s range between 40,000 (Leszek Belzyt) and 25,000 (Jan Mordawski, Zygmunt Szultka). The number declined to between 35,000 and 23,000 (Zygmunt Szultka, Leszek Belzyt) in years 1827–1831. In 1850-1860s there were an estimated 23,000 to 17,000 Slavic-speakers left in Pommern, down to 15,000 in 1892 according to [[Stefan Ramułt]]. The number was declining due to [[Germanisation]]. The bulk of Slavic population in 19th century Pommern was concentrated in its easternmost counties: especially [[Bytów]] (Bütow), [[Lębork]] (Lauenburg) and [[Słupsk]] (Stolp). According to Zygmunt Szultka at the beginning of the 19th century in Provinz Pommern Kashubians were still around 55% of the total population (14,200 people) in county Lauenburg-Bütow (Lębork-Bytów) and over 25% of the total population (10,450 people) in county Stolp (Słupsk).<ref>Zygmunt Szultka, "Liczba Kaszubów na kaszubskim obszarze językowym Pomorza Zachodniego w XIX wieku"</ref>