Editing Kashrut (section)

==Rules==
===Prohibited foods===
{{Main|Kosher foods}}
[[File:Kosher BethDin.jpg|thumb|Kosher [[airline meal]] approved by [[The Johannesburg Beth Din]]]]
The laws of {{transliteration|he|kashrut}} can be classified according to the origin of the prohibition (Biblical or rabbinical) and whether the prohibition concerns the food itself or a mixture of foods.<ref name="Forst">{{cite book |last=Forst |first=Binyomin |title=The laws of kashrus: a comprehensive exposition of their underlying concepts and applications |year=1994 |publisher=Mesorah Publications |location=Brooklyn, N.Y |isbn=978-0-89906-103-0 |pages=32–49}}</ref>

Biblically prohibited foods include:<ref name=Forst/>
* [[Kosher animals|Non-kosher animals]]<ref name="lev 11 3 8">{{Tanakhverse|Leviticus|11:3–8}}</ref><ref>{{Tanakhverse|Deuteronomy|14:3–21}}</ref>—any mammals without certain identifying characteristics ([[Cloven hoof|cloven hooves]] and [[Ruminant|rumination]]); any birds of prey; any fish without fins or scales (thus excluding [[catfish]], for instance).<div style="line-height: 0.22em;">{{nbsp}}</div> All [[invertebrates]] are non-kosher apart from certain types of locust, on which most communities lack a clear tradition. No [[reptiles]] or [[amphibians]] are kosher. There are also no [[rodents]] that are kosher.
* Carrion ({{transliteration|he|nevelah}})—meat from a kosher animal that has not been slaughtered according to the laws of {{transliteration|he|[[shechita]]}}. This prohibition includes animals that have been slaughtered by non-Jews.<ref>[[Babylonian Talmud]], ''Hullin'' 13a (on Mishnah ''Hullin'' 1:1).</ref>
* Injured ({{transliteration|he|[[terefah]]}})—an animal with a significant defect or injury, such as a fractured bone or particular types of lung adhesions.
* Blood ({{transliteration|he|dam}})—the blood of kosher mammals and fowl is removed through salting, with special procedures for the [[Liver (food)|liver]], which is very rich in blood.
* Particular fats ({{transliteration|he|[[chelev]]}})—particular parts of the abdominal fat of cattle, goats and sheep must be removed by a process called {{transliteration|he|[[nikkur]]}}.
* The twisted nerve ({{transliteration|he|[[gid hanasheh]]}})—the [[sciatic nerve]], as according to Genesis 32:32 the patriarch [[Jacob]]'s was damaged when he fought with an angel, so may not be eaten and is removed by {{transliteration|he|nikkur}}.
* A limb of a living animal ({{transliteration|he|[[Taboo food and drink#Living animals|ever min ha-chai]]}})<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Genesis|9:4}}</ref>—according to Jewish law, God forbade [[Noahide laws|Noah and his descendants]] to consume flesh torn from a live animal. Hence, Jewish law considers this prohibition applicable even to non-Jews,<ref>{{cite book |last=Doron-spalter |first=Pinchos |title=Major Concepts of the Talmud: An Encyclopedic Resource Guide, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPARAQAAIAAJ |access-date=March 15, 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Targum Press]] |isbn=978-1-56871-465-3 |page=7}}</ref> and therefore, a Jew may not give or sell such meat to a non-Jew.
* Untithed food ({{transliteration|he|tevel}})—produce of the [[Land of Israel]] requires the removal of certain [[tithe]]s, which in ancient times were given to the {{transliteration|he|[[Kohen|kohanim]]}} (priests), [[Levite]]s and the poor ({{transliteration|he|[[Heave offering|terumah]]}}, {{transliteration|he|[[First tithe|maaser rishon]]}} and {{transliteration|he|[[Poor tithe|maasar ani]]}} respectively) or taken to the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City of Jerusalem]] to be eaten there ({{transliteration|he|[[maaser sheni]]}}).
* Fruit during the first three years ({{transliteration|he|[[orlah]]}})—according to Leviticus 19:23,<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Leviticus|19:23}}</ref> fruit from a tree in the first three years after planting may not be consumed (both in the Land of Israel and the diaspora).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Battegay |first1=Caspar |last2=Lubrich |first2=Naomi |title=Jewish Switzerland: 50 Objects Tell Their Stories |publisher=Christoph Merian |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-85616-847-6 |location=Basel |page=98}}</ref> This applies also to the fruit of the vine—grapes, and wine produced from them.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blech |first=Zushe Yosef |title=Kosher Food Production |date=January 27, 2009 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-0-8138-2093-4}}</ref>
* New grain ({{transliteration|he|[[chadash]]}})<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Leviticus|23:14}}</ref>—the Bible prohibits newly grown grain (planted after [[Passover]] the previous year) until the second day of Passover; there is debate as to whether this law applies to grain grown outside the Land of Israel.
* Wine of libation ({{transliteration|he|[[Kosher wine|yayin nesekh]]}})—wine that may have been dedicated to idolatrous practices.

Biblically prohibited mixtures include:<ref name=Forst/>
* Mixtures of meat and milk<ref name="auto2">{{Tanakhverse|Exodus|23:19}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Tanakhverse|Exodus|34:26}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Tanakhverse|Deuteronomy|14:21}}</ref> ({{transliteration|he|[[Milk and meat in Jewish law|basar be-chalav]]}})—this law derives from the broad interpretation of the commandment not to "cook a kid in its mother's milk";<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> other non-kosher foods are permitted for non-dietary use (e.g. to be sold to non-Jews), but Jews are forbidden to benefit from mixtures of meat and milk in any way.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1149824/jewish/Meat-Milk.htm |title = Meat & Milk - Parshat Mishpatim}}</ref>
* Different species of plants grown together ({{transliteration|he|[[Kil'ayim (prohibition)|kilayim]]}})—in the Land of Israel different species of plants are to be grown separately and not in close proximity according to Leviticus 19:19 and Deuteronomy 22:9–11.
** A specific subdivision of this law is {{transliteration|he|kil'ei ha-kerem}}, the prohibition of planting any grain or vegetable near a [[grapevine]]; this law applies to Jews throughout the world, and a Jew may not derive benefit from such produce.

Rabbinically prohibited foods include:<ref name=Forst/>

* Non-Jewish milk ({{transliteration|he|[[Cholov Yisroel|chalav akum]]}})—milk that may have an admixture of milk from non-kosher animals (see below for current views on this prohibition).
* Non-Jewish cheese ({{transliteration|he|gevinat akum}})—cheese that may have been produced with non-kosher [[rennet]].
* Non-Jewish wine ({{transliteration|he|stam yeinam}})—wine that while not produced for idolatrous purposes may otherwise have been poured for such a purpose or alternatively when consumed will lead to intermarriage.
* Food cooked by a non-Jew ({{transliteration|he|[[Bishul Yisrael|bishul akum]]}})—this law was enacted for concerns of [[Interfaith marriage in Judaism|intermarriage]]. (Minor)
* Non-Jewish bread ({{transliteration|he|[[Pas Yisroel|pat akum]]}})—this law was enacted for concerns of intermarriage.
* Health risk ({{transliteration|he|sakanah}})—certain foods and mixtures are considered a health risk, such as mixtures of [[fish]] and meat.

===Permitted and forbidden animals===
{{further|Unclean animal}}
[[File:Hoof montage.jpg|thumb|[[cloven hoof|Cloven hooves]] in  goats (upper left), pigs (lower left), and [[cattle]] (lower right). Horse hooves (upper right) are not cloven.]]

Only meat from particular species is permissible. Mammals that both chew their cud ([[Ruminant|ruminate]]) and have [[Cloven hoof|cloven hooves]] can be kosher. Animals with one characteristic but not the other (the camel, the [[hyrax]], and the [[hare]] because they have no cloven hooves, and the pig because it does not ruminate) are specifically excluded.<ref name="lev 11 3 8"/><ref>''[[Shulchan Aruch]]'', ''[[Yoreh De'ah]]'' 79</ref><ref>For a comprehensive review of the issue involving the difficulty that neither the hyrax nor the hare are ruminants, see {{cite book |last=Slifkin |first=Rabbi Nosson  |author-link=Natan Slifkin |title=The Camel, the Hare & the Hyrax: A Study of the Laws of Animals with One Kosher Sign in Light of Modern Zoology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHsRAQAAIAAJ |edition=illustrated |year=2004 |publisher=Zoo Torah in association with Targum/Feldheim |isbn=978-1-56871-312-0}}</ref>

In 2008, a rabbinical ruling determined that [[giraffes]] and their milk are eligible to be considered kosher. The giraffe has both split hooves and chews its cud, characteristics of animals considered kosher. Findings from 2008 show that giraffe milk curdles, meeting kosher standards. Although kosher, the giraffe is not slaughtered today because the process would be very costly. Giraffes are difficult to restrain, and their use for food could cause the species to become endangered.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/2084281/Giraffe-is-kosher-Israeli-vets-have-ruled.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/2084281/Giraffe-is-kosher-Israeli-vets-have-ruled.html |archive-date=2022-01-11 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Giraffe is kosher, rabbis rule in Israel |last=Butcher |first=Tim |date=June 6, 2008 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=April 10, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>''Shulchan Aruch'', ''Yoreh De'ah'' 82:1–5</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashrut.com-archive.info/articles/giraffe/ |title=What's the Truth About Giraffe Meat! |last=Zivotofsky |first=Ari Z. |website=Kashrut.com |access-date=May 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407105109/http://www.kashrut.com-archive.info/articles/giraffe/ |archive-date=April 7, 2014 }}</ref>

Non-kosher birds are listed outright in the Torah,<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Deuteronomy|14:12–18}}</ref> but the exact zoological references are disputed and some references refer to families of birds (24 are mentioned). The [[Mishnah]]<ref>''[[Bavli]]'' ''[[Chullin]]'' 3:22–23</ref> refers to four signs provided by the [[Chazal|sages]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kashrut.com/articles/turk_part2/ |title=Is Turkey Kosher?, part 2 |last=Zivotofsky |first=Ari Z. |website=Kashrut.com |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref>  First, a {{transliteration|he|dores}} (predatory bird) is not kosher. Additionally, kosher birds possess three physical characteristics: an extra toe in the back (which does not join the other toes in supporting the leg), a {{transliteration|he|zefek}} ([[crop (anatomy)|crop]]), and a {{transliteration|he|korkoban}} ([[gizzard]]) with a peelable [[Lumen (anatomy)|lumen]]. However, individual Jews are barred from merely applying these regulations alone; an established tradition ({{transliteration|he|masorah}}) is necessary to allow birds to be consumed, even if it can be substantiated that they meet all four criteria. The only exception to this is the turkey. There was a time when certain authorities considered the signs sufficient, so Jews started eating this bird without a {{transliteration|he|masorah}} because it possesses all the signs ({{transliteration|he|simanim}}) in Hebrew.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kashrut.com/articles/turk_part3/ |title=Is Turkey Kosher?, part 3 |last=Zivotofsky |first=Ari Z. |website=Kashrut.com |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref>

Fish must have fins and scales to be kosher.<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Leviticus|11:9–12}}</ref> [[Shellfish]] and other non-fish water [[fauna]] are not kosher.<ref>''Shulchan Aruch'', ''Yoreh De'ah'' 83 and 84</ref> (See [[Kosher fish list|kosher species of fish]].) Insects are not kosher, except for certain species of [[kosher locust]].<ref>''Shulchan Aruch'', ''Yoreh De'ah'' 85</ref> Any animal that eats other animals, whether they kill their food or eat [[carrion]],<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Leviticus|11:13–31}}</ref> is generally not kosher, as well as any animal that has been partially eaten by other animals.<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Exodus|22:30-31}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Class
! Forbidden kinds
|-
 |Mammals
 |Carnivores; animals that do not chew the cud (e.g., the pig); animals that do not have cloven hooves (e.g., the camel, the [[hare]], the horse and the [[hyrax]]); bats; rodents
|-
 |Birds
 |Birds of prey; scavengers
|-
 |Reptiles and amphibians
 |All
|-
 |Water animals
 |All non-fish. Among fish, all those that do not have both fins and scales
|-
 |Insects
 |All, except particular types of locust or grasshopper that, according to most, cannot be identified today
|}

===Separation of meat and milk===
{{Main|Milk and meat in Jewish law}}
Meat and milk (or derivatives) may not be mixed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koshercertification.org.uk/whatdoe.html|title=What Does Kosher Mean? - section 2.4|website=koshercertification.org.uk|access-date=2016-02-16|archive-date=2016-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301201928/http://www.koshercertification.org.uk/whatdoe.html}}</ref> in the sense that meat and [[dairy product]]s are not served at the same meal, served or cooked in the same utensils, or stored together.

Observant Jews have separate sets of dishes, and sometimes different kitchens, for meat and milk, and wait anywhere between one and six hours after eating meat before consuming milk products.<ref>''Shulchan Aruch'', ''Yoreh De'ah'' 87 ''et seq''</ref> The {{transliteration|yi|milchig}} and {{transliteration|yi|fleishig}} (literally "milky" and "meaty") utensils and dishes are the commonly referred-to Yiddish delineations between dairy and meat ones, respectively.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/kashrut.html|title=Kashrut: Jewish Dietary Laws|encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]|access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref>

According to the Shulchan Aruch, a six-hour waiting period is recommended between consuming meat and dairy. During this time, it is generally advised to abstain from brushing and rinsing the mouth.<ref>A halachic answer on the topic of [https://meshiv.co.il/en/shelot_vetshuvot/after-eating-meat-can-i-use-dental-floss-and-rinsing-my-mouth-and-eat-milk-with-out-waiting-6-hours/ after eating meat, can I use dental floss, and rinsing my mouth, and eat milk without waiting 6 hours] on the website [https://meshiv.co.il/en/home-page1/ "Meshiv Kahlahah"].</ref>

[[Shelomo Dov Goitein]] writes, "the dichotomy of the kitchen into a meat and a milk section, so basic in an observant Jewish household, is [...] never mentioned in the [[Cairo Geniza|Geniza]]." Goitein believed that in the early Middle Ages Jewish families kept only one set of cutlery and cooking ware.<ref>Goitein, Shelomo Dov. ''A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, Vol. IV. p. 252''. {{ISBN|978-0-520-22161-1}}.</ref> According to [[David C. Kraemer]], the practice of keeping separate sets of dishes developed only in the late 14th and 15th centuries.<ref>Kraemer, David C. (2007). ''Jewish Eating and Identity Through the Ages''. New York: Routledge. pp. 99–121. {{ISBN|978-0-415-47640-9}}.</ref> It is possible observant Jews before then waited overnight for the meat or dairy gravy absorbed in a pot's walls to become insignificant ([[:he:נותן טעם לפגם#נותן טעם לפגם בכלים|{{transliteration|he|lifgam}}]]) before using the pot for the other foodstuff (meat or dairy).<ref>{{cite web|date=2016|title=The Development of a Waiting Period Between Meat and Dairy: 9th – 14th Centuries|url=http://www.oqimta.org.il/oqimta/5776/adams4.pdf|website=Oqimta: Studies in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature. 4: 79-84, note 222}}</ref>

===Kosher slaughter===
{{Main|Shechita}}
[[File:Schect.jpg|thumb|A 15th-century depiction of {{transliteration|he|[[shechita]]}}]]
Mammals and fowl must be slaughtered by a trained individual (a {{transliteration|he|[[shochet]]}}) using a special method of slaughter, {{transliteration|he|[[shechita]]}}.<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Deuteronomy|12:21}}</ref> {{transliteration|he|Shechita}} slaughter severs the [[jugular vein]], [[carotid artery]], [[esophagus]], and [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]] in a single continuous cutting movement with an [[shechita#The knife|unserrated, sharp knife]]. Failure to meet any of these criteria renders the meat of the animal non-kosher.

The body of the slaughtered animal must be checked after slaughter to confirm that the animal had no medical condition or defect that would have caused it to die of its own accord within a year, which would make the meat unsuitable.<ref>''Shulchan Aruch'', ''Yoreh De'ah'' 1–65</ref>

These conditions ({{transliteration|he|[[Terefah|treifot]]}}) include 70 different categories of injuries, diseases, and abnormalities whose presence renders the animal non-kosher.

It is forbidden to consume certain parts of the animal, such as certain fats ({{transliteration|he|[[chelev]]}}) and the [[sciatic nerve]]s from the legs, the process of [[Nikkur|excision]] being done by experts before the meat is sold.

As much blood as possible must be removed<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Leviticus|17:10}}</ref> through the {{transliteration|he|kashering}} process; this is usually done through soaking and salting the meat, but the [[liver (food)|liver]], as it is rich in blood, is grilled over an open flame.<ref>''Shulchan Aruch'', ''Yoreh De'ah'' 66–78</ref>

Fish (and kosher locusts, for those who follow the traditions permitting them) must be killed before being eaten, but no particular method has been specified in Jewish law.<ref>{{cite web|title=ABCs of Kosher|date=9 May 2009 |url=http://www.aish.com/jl/m/mm/48958906.html|publisher=[[Aish HaTorah]]|access-date=March 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Locusts Go Biblical – But Are They Kosher?|url=http://blogs.forward.com/forward-thinking/172409/locusts-go-biblical-but-are-they-kosher/|work=[[The Jewish Daily Forward]]|access-date=March 15, 2013|archive-date=March 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314233426/http://blogs.forward.com/forward-thinking/172409/locusts-go-biblical-but-are-they-kosher/}}</ref> [[Legal aspects of ritual slaughter]] are governed not only by Jewish law but civil law as well.

Some believe that this ensures the animal dies instantly without [[Tza'ar ba'alei hayyim|unnecessary suffering]], but many [[animal rights]] activists view the process as cruel, claiming that the animal may not lose consciousness immediately, and activists have called for it to be banned.<ref name="theAgeArticle">{{cite web|date=2007-08-03|title=Sheep killing branded cruel|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/sheep-killing-branded-cruel/2007/08/02/1185648061374.html?page=2|access-date=2011-12-03|publisher=The Age}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2003-06-10|title=Halal and Kosher slaughter 'must end'|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2977086.stm|access-date=2010-05-07}}</ref>

====Preparation of meats====
When an animal is ritually slaughtered ({{transliteration|he|shechted}}) the raw meat is traditionally cut, salted, and rinsed, prior to cooking. Salting of raw meat draws out the blood that lodges on the inner surface of the meat. The salting is done with coarse grain salt, commonly referred to as [[kosher salt]], after which the meat is laid over a grating or [[colander]] to allow for drainage, remaining so for the duration of time that it takes to walk one [[biblical mile]]<ref>[[Shulhan Arukh]], ''Yoreh De'ah'' 69:6, 69:16–19</ref> (approximately 18–24 minutes). Afterwards, the residue of salt is rinsed away with water, and the meat cooked.

Meat that is roasted requires no prior salting, as fire causes a natural purging  of blood.

{{transliteration|he|Turei Zahav}} ("Taz"), a 17th-century commentary on the ''[[Shulchan Arukh]]'', ruled that the pieces of meat can be "very thick" when salting.<ref>Shulhan Arukh, ''Yoreh De'ah'', § 69:5; ''Turei Zahav'', ''Yoreh De'ah'' 69:5:16</ref> The [[Yemenite Jewish]] practice, however, follows [[Saadiah Gaon]], who required that the meat not be larger than half a "rotal" (i.e. roughly {{convert|216|g}}) when salting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alfasi|first=Y. |author-link=Isaac Alfasi |title=R. Yitzhak al-Fasi's Commentary on Tractate Hullin (Chapter Kol ha-Basar)|editor=[[Yosef Qafih]] |date=1960 |publisher=ha-Agudah le-Hatzalat Ginzei Teiman|page=98 |language=he |oclc=745065428 |title-link=Hullin }}</ref> This allows the effects of the salt to penetrate.

Some Orthodox Jewish communities require the additional stricture of submersing raw meat in boiling water prior to cooking it, a practice known as {{transliteration|he|ḥaliṭah}} ({{Langx|he|חליטה}}), "blanching."<ref>[[Maimonides]], ''[[Mishne Torah]]'' (''Hil. Ma'achaloth Asuroth'' 6:10); cf. Babylonian Talmud, ''Hullin'' 111a.</ref> This was believed to constrict the blood lodged within the meat, to prevent it from oozing out when the meat was eaten. The raw meat is left in the pot of boiling water for as long as it takes for the meat to whiten on its outer layer.

If someone wanted to use the water for soup after making {{transliteration|he|ḥaliṭah}} in the same pot, they could simply scoop out the film, froth and scum that surface in the boiling water.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

{{transliteration|he|Ḥaliṭah}} is not required when roasting meat over a fire, as the fire constricts the blood.

===Kosher utensils===
[[File:Kosher dishes P7160076.JPG|thumb|Kosher dairy dishes from the 19th century in the [[Jewish Museum, Berlin]]]]
Utensils used for non-kosher foods become non-kosher, and make even otherwise kosher food prepared with them non-kosher.

Some such utensils, depending on the material they are made from, can be made suitable for preparing kosher food again by immersion in boiling water or by the application of a blowtorch.

Food prepared in a manner that violates the {{transliteration|he|[[Shabbat]]}} (Sabbath) may not be eaten; although in certain instances it is permitted after the {{transliteration|he|Shabbat}} is over.<ref>''Shulchan Aruch'', ''Orach Chayim'', 318:1</ref>

===Passover laws===
[[File:Kosher for Passover orange juice.JPG|thumb|left|The label on a bottle of [[orange juice]] certifying that it is kosher for [[Passover]]]]
[[Passover]] has stricter dietary rules, the most important of which is the prohibition on eating [[leavened bread]] or derivatives of this, which are known as {{transliteration|he|[[chametz]]}}. This prohibition is derived from Exodus 12:15.<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Exodus|12:15}}</ref>

Utensils used in preparing and serving {{transliteration|he|chametz}} are also forbidden on Passover unless they have been ritually cleansed ({{transliteration|he|kashered}}).<ref>''Shulchan Aruch'', ''Orach Chayim'', 431–452</ref>

Observant Jews often keep separate sets of meat and dairy utensils for Passover use only. In addition, some groups follow various eating restrictions on Passover that go beyond the rules of {{transliteration|he|kashrut}}, such as not eating {{transliteration|he|[[kitniyot]]}},<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Kitniyot? |url=https://oukosher.org/passover/articles/what-is-kitniyot/ |website=OUKosher.org |date=23 January 2013 |publisher=[[Orthodox Union]] |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref> {{transliteration|he|[[gebrochts]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oukosher.org/blog/industrial-kosher/keeping-up-with-passover-trenditions/ |title=Keeping Up with Passover Trenditions |last=Brenner |first=Bayla Sheva |website=OUKosher.org |publisher=[[Orthodox Union]] |access-date=May 22, 2013|date=2005-04-05 }}</ref> or [[garlic]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/493085/jewish/Which-vegetables-may-be-eaten-on-Passover.htm |title=Which vegetables may be eaten on Passover? |last=Davidson |first=Baruch S. |website=[[Chabad.org]] |access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref>

===Produce of the Land of Israel===
Biblical rules also control the use of agriculture produce, for example, with respect to their tithing, or when it is permitted to eat them or to harvest them, and what must be done to make them suitable for human consumption.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview of Jewish Dietary Laws & Regulations|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/overview-of-jewish-dietary-laws-and-regulations|access-date=2022-02-16|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref>

For produce grown in the [[Land of Israel]] a modified version of the  biblical [[tithe]]s must be applied, including {{transliteration|he|[[Terumat hamaaser|Terumat HaMaaser]]}}, {{transliteration|he|[[Maaser Rishon]]}}, {{transliteration|he|[[Maaser Sheni]]}}, and {{transliteration|he|[[Maasar Ani]]}} (untithed produce is called {{transliteration|he|tevel}}); the fruit of the first three years of a tree's growth or replanting are forbidden for eating or any other use as {{transliteration|he|[[orlah prohibition|orlah]]}};<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.star-k.org/kashrus/kk-medi-terumos.htm|title=Terumos and Ma'asros |access-date=April 10, 2013 |last=Heinemann |first=Moshe |author-link=Moshe Heinemann |publisher=[[Star-K]]}}</ref> produce grown in the Land of Israel on the seventh year obtains {{transliteration|he|k'dushat shvi'it}}, and unless managed carefully is forbidden as a violation of the {{transliteration|he|[[Shmita]]}} (Sabbatical Year).

Some rules of {{transliteration|he|kashrut}} are subject to different rabbinical opinions. For example, many hold that the rule against eating {{transliteration|he|[[yoshon|chadash]]}} (new grain) before the 16th of the month [[Nisan]] does not apply outside the Land of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is "Yashan"?|url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/584873/jewish/What-is-Yashan.htm|last=Posner|first=Menachem|publisher=[[Chabad.org]]|access-date=March 15, 2013}}</ref>

===Vegetables===
[[File:Barley bug.jpg|thumb|A [[Pupa#Cocoon|cocoon]] found among [[barley]]corns in a commercially available bag of barley. Foods such as [[seed]]s, [[Nut (fruit)|nut]]s and [[vegetable]]s need to be checked to avoid eating insects.]]
Although plants and minerals are nearly always kosher, vegetarian restaurants and producers of vegetarian foods are required to obtain a {{transliteration|he|[[hechsher]]}}, certifying that a rabbinical organization has approved their products as being kosher, because the {{transliteration|he|hechsher}} usually certifies that certain vegetables have been checked for insect infestation and steps have been taken to ensure that cooked food meets the requirements of {{transliteration|he|[[bishul Yisrael]]}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Are vegan restaurants automatically kosher?|url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/547235/jewish/Are-vegan-restaurants-kosher.htm|last=Posner|first=Eliezer|publisher=[[Chabad.org]]|access-date=March 15, 2013}}</ref> Vegetables such as [[spinach]] and [[cauliflower]] must be checked for insect infestation. The proper procedure for inspecting and cleaning varies by species, growing conditions, and views of individual rabbis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Check for Insects?|url=http://star-k.org/cons-insectintro.php|publisher=[[Star-K]]|access-date=March 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321204333/http://www.star-k.org/cons-insectintro.php|archive-date=March 21, 2013}}</ref>

===Pareve foods===
{{Main|Pareve}}
A pareve food is one which is neither meat nor dairy. Fish fall into this category, as well as any food that is not animal-derived. [[egg (food)|Egg]]s are also considered pareve despite being an animal product.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meat, Dairy and Pareve|url=http://www.ok.org/Content.asp?ID=63|publisher=[[OK Kosher Certification]]|access-date=March 15, 2013}}</ref>

Some processes convert a meat- or dairy-derived product into a pareve one. For example, [[rennet]] is sometimes made from stomach linings, yet is acceptable for making kosher cheese.<ref>"The rennet must be kosher, either microbial or from special productions of animal rennet using kosher calf stomachs." [http://oukosher.org/index.php/articles/single/2828/ Oukosher.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306151416/http://oukosher.org/index.php/articles/single/2828/ |date=2012-03-06 }}, Retrieved August 10, 2005.</ref> Gelatins derived from kosher animal sources (which were ritually slaughtered) are also pareve.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kosher Gelatin:How a Product from Beef Can be Used in Dairy Delicacies|url=https://oukosher.org/blog/industrial-kosher/the-fascinating-story-of-kosher-gelatin-or-how-a-product-from-beef-can-be-used-in-dairy-delicacies|publisher=[[OU Kosher]]|access-date=February 7, 2019|date=2009-07-16}}</ref> Other gelatin-like products from non-animal sources such as [[agar agar]] and [[carrageenan]] are pareve by nature. Fish gelatin, like all kosher fish products, is pareve.

Jewish law generally requires that bread be kept pareve (i.e., not kneaded with meat or dairy products nor made on meat or dairy equipment).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kashrut.com/articles/bread/|title=Bread|website=www.kashrut.com}}</ref>

{{transliteration|he|Kashrut}} has procedures by which equipment can be cleaned of its previous non-kosher or meat/dairy use, but those may be inadequate for vegetarians, those with allergies, or adherents to other religious laws.

For example, dairy manufacturing equipment can be cleaned well enough that the rabbis grant pareve status to products manufactured with it but someone with a strong allergic sensitivity to dairy products might still react to the dairy residue. This is why some products that are legitimately pareve carry "milk" warnings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kosher Consumer Misconsumptions|url=http://www.star-k.org/kashrus/kk-KosherConsumerMisconsumptions.htm|publisher=[[Star-K]]|access-date=March 15, 2013}}</ref>

===Cannabis===
{{main|Cannabis and Judaism}}

For cannabis grown in Israel, the plants must observe {{transliteration|he|[[shmittah]]}}, but this does not apply to cannabis from elsewhere. At least one brand of cannabis edibles is certified to follow the laws of {{transliteration|he|kashrut}}.<ref name="IfYouEatIt">{{cite news |last1=Schuster |first1=Ruth |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/kosher-washing-medical-marijuana-1.5387374 |title=Marijuana Is Always Kosher, as Long as You Smoke It |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |location=Tel Aviv |date=7 January 2016 |access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref>

===Tobacco===
{{main|Smoking in Jewish law}}
Although it is not a food product, some [[tobacco]] receives a year-long kosher for Passover certification. This year-long certification means that the tobacco is certified also for [[Passover]] where different restrictions may be in place. Tobacco may, for example, come into contact with some {{transliteration|he|[[chametz]]}} grains that are strictly forbidden during Passover and the certification is a guarantee that it is free from this type of contamination.

In Israel, this certification is given by a private {{transliteration|he|kashrut}} rabbinic group [[Badatz Beit Yosef|Beit Yosef]], but the Chief Rabbinate has objected to granting of any certification by rabbis because of health risks from tobacco.<ref name="tabak">{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israelis-get-kosher-cigarettes-for-passover/ |title=Rabbis fired up over kosher cigarettes for Passover | date=2013-03-25 |work=[[Times of Israel]]}}</ref>

===Genetically modified foods===
With the advent of [[genetic engineering]], scholars in both academia and Judaic faith have differing viewpoints on whether these new strains of foods are to be considered kosher or not. The first [[genetically modified animal]] approved by the FDA for human consumption is the [[AquAdvantage salmon]] and, while salmon is normally an acceptably kosher food, this modified organism has a [[gene]] from a non-kosher organism.

In 2015, the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the [[Rabbinical Assembly]] released a document regarding genetically modified organisms, stating that modification of gene sequences via the introduction of foreign DNA in order to convey a specific capability in the new organism is allowable, that entirely new species should not be intentionally created, and that the health implications of genetically modified foods must be considered on an individual basis.<ref>Nevins, Rabbi David S. 10 November 2015. "[http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/halakhah/teshuvot/2011-2020/nevins-gmos.pdf Halakhic Perspectives on Genetically Modified Organisms]". ''[[Rabbinical Assembly]]''.</ref>

Some put forth that this intermixing of species is against the teachings of the [[Talmud]] and thus against Jewish Law and non-kosher. Others argue that the one in sixty parts law of {{transliteration|he|kashrut}} is of significance, and that the foreign gene accounts for less than 1/60 of the animal and thus the modified salmon is kosher.{{who|date=November 2019}}