Editing Karl Marx (section)

=== Paris: 1843–1845 ===
In 1843, Marx became co-editor of a new, radical left-wing Parisian newspaper, the {{lang|de|[[Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher]]}} (''German-French Annals''), then being set up by the German activist [[Arnold Ruge]] to bring together German and French radicals.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=68–69, 72}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=48}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=59–61}}</ref> Therefore Marx and his wife moved to Paris in October 1843. Initially living with Ruge and his wife communally at 23 [[Rue Vaneau]], they found the living conditions difficult, so moved out following the birth of their daughter Jenny in 1844.<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=77–79}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=62–66}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=73–74, 94}}.</ref> Although intended to attract writers from both France and the German states, the {{lang|de|Jahrbücher}} was dominated by the latter and the only non-German writer was the exiled Russian [[Collectivist anarchism|anarchist collectivist]] [[Mikhail Bakunin]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|p=72}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=64–65}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=71–72}}.</ref> Marx contributed two essays to the paper, "[[Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right|Introduction to a Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right]]"<ref>{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=3 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |date=1975 |page=3}}</ref> and "[[On the Jewish Question]]",<ref>{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=[[On the Jewish Question]] |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=3 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |date=1975 |page=146}}</ref> the latter introducing his belief that the [[proletariat]] were a revolutionary force and marking his embrace of communism.{{sfn|McLellan|2006|pp=65–70, 74–80}} Only one issue was published, but it was relatively successful, largely owing to the inclusion of [[Heinrich Heine]]'s satirical odes on King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig of Bavaria]], leading the German states to ban it and seize imported copies (Ruge nevertheless refused to fund the publication of further issues and his friendship with Marx broke down).<ref>{{harvnb|Nicolaievsky|Maenchen-Helfen|1976|pp=72, 75–76}}; {{harvnb|Wheen|2001|p=65}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=88–90}}.</ref> After the paper's collapse, Marx began writing for the only uncensored German-language radical newspaper left, {{lang|de|[[Vorwärts!]]}} (''Forward!''). Based in Paris, the paper was connected to the [[League of the Just]], a [[utopian socialism|utopian socialist]] secret society of workers and artisans. Marx attended some of their meetings but did not join.<ref>{{harvnb|Wheen|2001|pp=66–67, 112}}; {{harvnb|McLellan|2006|pp=79–80}}.</ref> In {{lang|de|Vorwärts!}}, Marx refined his views on socialism based upon Hegelian and Feuerbachian ideas of [[dialectical materialism]], at the same time criticising liberals and other socialists operating in Europe.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=90}}

[[File:Engels 1856.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Engels]], whom Marx met in 1844; the two became lifelong friends and collaborators.]]

On 28 August 1844, Marx met the German socialist [[Friedrich Engels]] at the [[Café de la Régence]], beginning a lifelong friendship.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=75}} Engels showed Marx his recently published ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Mansel |first=Philip |title=Paris Between Empires |page=390 |publisher=[[St. Martins Press]] |location=New York |date=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Friedrich |last=Engels |author-link=Friedrich Engels |chapter=[[The Condition of the Working Class in England]] |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=4 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |date=1975 |pages=295–596}}</ref> convincing Marx that the working class would be the agent and instrument of the final revolution in history.<ref name="Bottomore1991"/>{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=82}} Soon, Marx and Engels were collaborating on a criticism of the philosophical ideas of Marx's former friend, [[Bruno Bauer]]. This work was published in 1845 as ''[[The Holy Family (book)|The Holy Family]]''.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|pp=85–86}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Marx |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Marx |chapter=The Holy Family |title=Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |volume=4 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |date=1975 |pages=3–211}}</ref> Although critical of Bauer, Marx was increasingly influenced by the ideas of the Young Hegelians [[Max Stirner]] and [[Ludwig Feuerbach]], but eventually Marx and Engels abandoned Feuerbachian materialism as well.<ref name="et"/>

During the time that he lived at 38 Rue Vaneau in Paris (from October 1843 until January 1845),<ref>Taken from the caption of a picture of the house in a group of pictures located between pages 160 and 161 of {{harvnb|Fedoseyev|1973}}.</ref> Marx engaged in an intensive study of [[political economy]] ([[Adam Smith]], [[David Ricardo]], [[James Mill]], ''etc.'')'',''{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=63}} the French socialists (especially [[Henri de Saint-Simon|Claude Henri St. Simon]] and [[Charles Fourier]]){{sfn|Berlin|1963|pp=90–94}} and the history of France.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=62}} The study of, and critique, of political economy is a project that Marx would pursue for the rest of his life<ref>Larisa Miskievich, "Preface" to Volume 28 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels'' (International Publishers: New York, 1986) p. xii</ref> and would result in his major economic work{{mdash}}the three-volume series called ''Das Kapital''.<ref>Karl Marx, ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 35'', ''Volume 36'' and ''Volume 37'' (International Publishers: New York, 1996, 1997 and 1987).</ref> [[Marxism]] is based in large part on three influences: Hegel's dialectics, French utopian socialism and British political economy. Together with his earlier study of Hegel's dialectics, the studying that Marx did during this time in Paris meant that all major components of "Marxism" were in place by the autumn of 1844.{{sfn|Berlin|1963|pp=35–61}} Marx was constantly being pulled away from his critique of political economy{{mdash}}not only by the usual daily demands of the time, but additionally by editing a radical newspaper and later by organising and directing the efforts of a political party during years of potentially revolutionary popular uprisings of the citizenry. Still, Marx was always drawn back to his studies where he sought "to understand the inner workings of capitalism".{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=62}}

An outline of "Marxism" had definitely formed in the mind of Karl Marx by late 1844. Indeed, many features of the Marxist view of the world had been worked out in great detail, but Marx needed to write down all of the details of his world view to further clarify the new critique of political economy in his own mind.<ref>Note 54 contained on p. 598 in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3''.</ref> Accordingly, Marx wrote ''[[Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844|The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts]]''.<ref>Karl Marx, "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844" ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3'' (International Publishers: New York, 1975) pp. 229–346.</ref> These manuscripts covered numerous topics, detailing Marx's concept of [[alienated labour]].<ref name=sep/> By the spring of 1845, his continued study of political economy, capital and capitalism had led Marx to the belief that the new critique of political economy he was espousing—that of [[scientific socialism]]—needed to be built on the base of a thoroughly developed materialistic view of the world.{{sfn|Fedoseyev|1973|p=83}}

The ''Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844'' had been written between April and August 1844, but soon Marx recognised that the ''Manuscripts'' had been influenced by some inconsistent ideas of Ludwig Feuerbach. Accordingly, Marx recognised the need to break with Feuerbach's philosophy in favour of historical materialism, thus a year later (in April 1845) after moving from Paris to Brussels, Marx wrote his eleven "[[Theses on Feuerbach]]".<ref>Karl Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach", contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 3–14.</ref> The "Theses on Feuerbach" are best known for Thesis 11, which states that "philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways, the point is to change it".<ref name=sep/><ref>Karl Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach," contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5'', p. 8.</ref> This work contains Marx's criticism of [[materialism]] (for being contemplative), [[idealism]] (for reducing practice to theory), and, overall, philosophy (for putting abstract reality above the physical world).<ref name=sep/> It thus introduced the first glimpse at Marx's [[historical materialism]], an argument that the world is changed not by ideas but by actual, physical, material activity and practice.<ref name=sep/><ref name="Engels1999"/> In 1845, after receiving a request from the Prussian king, the French government shut down {{lang|de|Vorwärts!}}, with the interior minister, [[François Guizot]], expelling Marx from France.{{sfn|Wheen|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C&pg=PA90 90]}}