Editing Karl Ernst von Baer (section)

===Permafrost research===
[[File:K.E.vonBaer 1840 02.jpg|thumb|Permafrost occurrences and southern limit of permafrost according to Karl Ernst von Baer, 1843]]
[[File:K.E.vonBaer 1840 03.jpg|thumb|Southern limit of permafrost according to Karl Ernst von Baer (1843), and other authors. The southern limit of permafrost as delineated by Baer in 1843 corresponds well with the actual limit defined by Jerry Brown (1998).]]
Baer was a genius scientist covering not only the topics of embryology and ethnology, he also was especially interested in the geography of the northern parts of Russia, and explored [[Novaya Zemlya]] in 1837. In these [[arctic]] environments, he was studying [[periglacial]] features, [[permafrost]] occurrences, and collecting biological specimens. Other travels led him to [[subarctic]] regions of the [[North Cape (Norway)|North Cape]] and [[Sápmi|Lapland]], but also to the [[Caspian Sea]]. He was one of the founders of the [[Russian Geographical Society]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.rgo.ru/en/founders-society| title = Founders of the Russian Geographical Society| access-date = 10 February 2017| archive-date = 11 February 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155046/https://www.rgo.ru/en/founders-society| url-status = live}}</ref>

Thanks to Baer's research expeditions, the scientific investigation of permafrost began in Russia. Baer recorded the importance of permafrost research even before 1837 when observing in detail the [[geothermal gradient]] from a 116.7 m deep shaft in [[Yakutsk]]. At the end of the 1830s, he recommended sending expeditions to explore permafrost in Siberia and suggested [[Alexander von Middendorff]] as leader. Baer's expedition instructions written for Middendorff comprised over 200 pages. Baer summarized his knowledge in 1842/43 in a print-ready typescript. The German title is „Materialien zur Kenntniss des unvergänglichen Boden-Eises in Sibirien“ (=materials for the knowledge of the perennial ground ice in Siberia). This world's first permafrost textbook was conceived as a complete work for printing. But it remained lost for more than 150 years. However, from 1838 onwards, Baer published a larger number of small publications on permafrost. Numerous of Baer's papers on permafrost were already published as early as 1837 and 1838. Well known was his paper "On the Ground Ice or Frozen Soil of Siberia", published in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London (1838, pp.&nbsp;210–213)<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Baer|first1=Karl Ernst von|date=1838|title=On the Ground Ice or Frozen Soil of Siberia|journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London|volume=8|pages=210–213|doi=10.2307/1797797|jstor=1797797}}</ref> and reprinted 1839 in the American Journal of Sciences and Arts by S. Silliman.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Baer|first1=Karl Ernst von|date=1838|title=On the Ground Ice or Frozen Soil of Siberia|journal=The American Journal of Science and Arts by B. Silliman|volume=36|pages=210–212}}</ref> There are many other publications and small notes on permafrost by Baer, as shown in the Karl Ernst von Baer museum in [[Tartu]] ([[Estonia]]), now part of the [[Estonian University of Life Sciences]].

There are quite a number of studies in Russian about the origin of permafrost research. Russian authors usually relate with it the name [[Alexander von Middendorff]] (1815–1894), as he did much scientific work during the years 1842–1845 concerning permafrost on [[Taimyr Peninsula]] and in East-[[Siberia]]. However, Russian scientists during the 1940s also realized, that it was K. E. Baer who initiated this expedition and that the origin of scientific permafrost research must be fixed with Baer's thorough earlier scientific work. They even believed, that the scepticism about the permafrost findings and publications of Middendorff would not have risen, if Baer's original "materials for the study of the perennial ground-ice" would have been published in 1842 as intended. This was realized also by the Russian Academy of Sciences that honoured Baer with the publication of a tentative Russian translation done already in 1842 by Sumgin. These facts were completely forgotten until after the Second World War.

In North America, permafrost research started after the Second World War with the creation of the [[Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory]] (CRREL), a division of the US army. It was realized that the understanding of frozen ground and permafrost are essential factors in strategic northern areas during the [[Cold War]]. In the Soviet Union, the [[Melnikov Permafrost Institute]] in [[Yakutsk]] had similar aims. The first post-World War major contact between groups of senior Russian and American frozen ground researchers took place in November 1963 in Yakutsk.However, Baer's permafrost textbook remained still undiscovered.

Thus in 2001 the discovery and annotated publication of the typescript from 1843 in the library [[archive]]s of the [[University of Giessen]] was a scientific sensation. The full text of Baer's work is available online (234 pages).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=King|first1=Lorenz|date=2001|title=Materialien zur Kenntniss des unvergänglichen Boden-Eises in Sibirien, compiled by Baer in 1843|url=http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2006/3649/pdf/BaerMaterialien-2001.pdf|language=german|journal=Berichte und Arbeiten aus der Universitätsbibliothek und dem Universitätsarchiv Giessen|volume=51|pages=1–315|access-date=2021-03-27|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124123747/http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2006/3649/pdf/BaerMaterialien-2001.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The editor Lorenz King added to the [[facsimile]] reprint a preface in English, two colour permafrost maps of Eurasia and some figures of permafrost features. Baer's text is introduced with detailed comments and references on additional 66 pages written by the [[Estonia]]n historian Erki Tammiksaar.

The work is fascinating to read, because both Baer's observations on permafrost distribution and his periglacial morphological descriptions are largely still correct today. He distinguished between "continental" and "insular" permafrost, saw the temporary existence of permafrost and postulated the formation and further development of permafrost as a result of the complex [[physical geography|physio-geographical]], [[geology|geological]] and [[flora|floristic]] site conditions. With his permafrost classification Baer laid the foundation for the modern permafrost terminology of the [[International Permafrost Association]]. With his compilation and analysis of all available data on ground ice and permafrost, Karl Ernst von Baer must be given the attribute "founder of scientific permafrost research".