Editing Karachi (section)

===Kolachi settlement and the first port===

[[File:Manora Beach, Karachi Pakistan.jpg|thumb|The [[Manora Fort, Karachi|Manora Fort]], built-in 1797 to defend Karachi, was captured by the British on 3{{nbsp}}February 1839 and upgraded 1888–1889.]]

The first port was established by the [[Kalhora]]s near Karachi in the mid-18th century, known as Kharak Bander.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bloom |first1=J. |last2=Blair |first2=S. |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001/acref-9780195309911-e-467 |language=en |chapter=Karachi}}</ref>
19th century Karachi historian [[Seth Naomal Hotchand]] recorded that a small settlement of 20–25 huts existed along the Karachi Harbour that was known as ''Dibro'', which was situated along a pool of water known as ''Kolachi-jo-Kun.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haider |first=Azimusshan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xA0rAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1729 |title=History of Karachi: With Special Reference to Educational, Demographical, and Commercial Developments, 1839–1900 |date=1974 |publisher=Haider |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204062540/https://books.google.com/books?id=xA0rAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1729 |url-status=live }}</ref>'' In 1725, a band of [[Baloch people|Baloch]] settlers from [[Makran]] and [[Khanate of Kalat|Kalat]] had settled in the hamlet after fleeing droughts and tribal feuds.<ref name="Gayer-2014b">{{Cite book |last=Gayer |first=Laurent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&q=manora+fort+karachi&pg=PA128 |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935444-3 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204062541/https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&q=manora+fort+karachi&pg=PA128#v=snippet&q=manora%20fort%20karachi&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

A new settlement was built in 1729 at the site of ''Dibro'', which came to be known as ''Kolachi-jo-Goth'' ("The village of ''Kolachi").''<ref name="Studies on Karachi" /> The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of [[Mai Kolachi]], a resident of the old settlement whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodile.<ref name="Studies on Karachi" /> Kolachi was about 40 hectares in size, with some smaller fishing villages scattered in its vicinity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karachi (Pakistan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEErAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+denso+hall |title=Brief Sketch of Karachi, the Nerve Center of Pakistan |date=1984 |publisher=The Corporation }}</ref> The founders of the new fortified settlement were Sindhi [[Bania (caste)|Baniyas]],<ref name="Gayer-2014b" /> and are said to have arrived from the nearby town of Kharak Bandar after the harbour there silted in 1728 after heavy rains.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap8IAAAAQAAJ&q=karachi+kharak+bandar&pg=PA396 |title=A Gazetteer of the Province of Sindh |date=1874 |publisher=G. Bell and Sons |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204062653/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap8IAAAAQAAJ&q=karachi+kharak+bandar&pg=PA396#v=snippet&q=karachi%20kharak%20bandar&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Kolachi was fortified, and defended with cannons imported from Muscat, [[Oman]]. Under the Talpurs, the ''Rah-i-Bandar'' road was built to connect the city's port to the caravan terminals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preserving cultural assets |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/826915/preserving-cultural-assets |date=10 February 2008 |website=DAWN.COM |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803014019/http://beta.dawn.com/news/826915/preserving-cultural-assets |url-status=live }}</ref> This road would eventually be further developed by the British into Bandar Road, which was renamed [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tixuAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+%22Rah-i-Bunder%22 |title=Sampark: Journal of Global Understanding |date=2004 |publisher=Sampark Literary Services |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204062649/https://books.google.com/books?id=tixuAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+%22Rah-i-Bunder%22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URnrr_A5wZ8C&q=karachi+%22Rah-i-Bunder%22 |title=The Herald |date=1993 |publisher=Pakistan Herald Publications. }}</ref>

The name ''Karachee'' was used for the first time in a [[Dutch language|Dutch]] document from 1742, in which a merchant ship ''de Ridderkerk'' is shipwrecked near the settlement.<ref name="The Dutch East India Company">''The Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Diewel-Sind (Pakistan) in the 17th and 18th centuries'', Floor, W. Institute of Central & West Asian Studies, University of Karachi, 1993–1994, p. 49.</ref><ref name="resources.huygens.knaw.nl-2015">{{cite web |url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/das/detailVoyage/95544 |title=The Dutch East India Company's shipping between the Netherlands and Asia 1595–1795 |date=2 February 2015 |access-date=14 June 2015 |archive-date=26 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226084239/http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/das/detailVoyage/95544 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1770s, Karachi came under the control of the [[Khan of Kalat]], which attracted a second wave of Balochi settlers.<ref name="Gayer-2014b" /> In 1795, Karachi was annexed by the [[Talpur dynasty|Talpurs]], triggering a third wave of Balochi settlers who arrived from central Sindh and southern Punjab.<ref name="Gayer-2014b" /> The Talpurs built the [[Manora Fort, Karachi|Manora Fort]] in 1797,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murray (publishers.) |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA475 |title=A handbook for India. Part ii. Bombay |date=1859 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpKhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA20 |title=The Persian Gulf Pilot |date=1875 |publisher=J. D. Potter. }}</ref> which was used to protect Karachi's Harbour from [[al-Qasimi]] pirates.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Charles E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGboFK2QPUwC&pg=PA162 |title=The Blood-red Arab Flag: An Investigation Into Qasimi Piracy, 1797–1820 |date=1997 |publisher=University of Exeter Press |isbn=978-0-85989-509-5 |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063149/https://books.google.com/books?id=tGboFK2QPUwC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1799 or 1800, the founder of the Talpur dynasty, Mir Fateh Ali Khan, allowed the [[East India Company]] under Nathan Crow to establish a trading post in Karachi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Huttenback |first=Robert A. |url=https://archive.org/details/britishrelations0000hutt |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/britishrelations0000hutt/page/3 3] |title=British Relations with Sind, 1799–1843: An Anatomy of Imperialism |date=1962 |publisher=University of California Press }}</ref> He was allowed to build a house for himself in Karachi at that time, but by 1802 was ordered to leave the city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sunderlal |first=Pandit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcpmDwAAQBAJ&q=nathan+crow+sindh&pg=PT138 |title=British Rule in India |date=1 August 2018 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5280-803-8 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063200/https://books.google.com/books?id=XcpmDwAAQBAJ&q=nathan+crow+sindh&pg=PT138 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city continued to be ruled by the Talpurs until it was occupied by forces under the command of [[John Keane, 1st Baron Keane|John Keane]] in February 1839.{{sfn|Laurent Gayer|2014|pp=42}}