Editing Kampala (section)

===20th century===
In 1900, the regents of the infant ''[[Kabaka]]'' [[Daudi Cwa II of Buganda|Daudi Cwa II]] (who were [[Apolo Kagwa]], the ''[[Katikiro]]'' (Prime Minister) of Buganda, Stanislaus Mugwanya, the ''Mulamuzi'' (Chief Judge) of Buganda, and Zakaria Kisingiri, the ''Muwanika'' (Chief Treasurer) of Buganda, with [[Bishop]] [[Alfred Tucker]]), signed the [[Buganda Agreement]] on behalf of Buganda with [[Sir Harry Johnston]], who signed on behalf of the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/ugandaat50/1370466-1387958-14e15y2/index.html|title=The great Buganda land grab of 1900|website=Daily Monitor|access-date=2019-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Townsmen In The Making, Kampala and its suburbs|last1=Gutkind|first1=P.C.W|last2=Southall|first2=A.W|publisher=East African Institute Of Social Research|year=1957|isbn=978-0013388883|location=Kampala|pages=4}}</ref> 
This agreement with Sir Harry Johnston created new land tenures such as freehold, [[the Crown|Crown]] land, and [[mailo]], and divided up and allocated the land in such a way that would come to define the development of Kampala.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
 
The land in [[Buganda]]'s ''Kibuga'' (capital), including [[Mengo, Uganda|Mengo]] Hill and [[Makerere]] Hill, was allocated to the young ''[[Kabaka]]'', the Baganda colonial collaborators, etc., under mailo and freehold. The religious missions were also formally allocated land they were previously occupying. Thus, the Catholic [[White Fathers]] got [[Lubaga]] Hill, the Protestant [[Church Missionary Society]] got [[Namirembe]] Hill, the Muslims under Prince Nuhu Mbogo's leadership received [[Kibuli]] Hill, the [[Catholic Church in England and Wales|British Catholic]] [[Saint Joseph's Missionary Society of Mill Hill|Mill Hill Missionaries]] received most of [[Nsambya]] Hill. The [[Uganda Protectorate]] government obtained land classified as Crown lands in the area such as [[Old Kampala]] Hill, [[Nakasero]] Hill, etc.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

To legalise the above changes, the following laws and ordinances were subsequently passed: The Crown lands Ordinance of 1903, The Land Law of 1908, The Registration of Land Titles ordinance of 1922, and the Busulu and Envujo law of 1928.<ref>Mukwaya, A.B (1953). "The Land Tenure System in Buganda: Present day Tendencies". The Eagle Press. pp.1–22.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://makir.mak.ac.ug/bitstream/handle/10570/2733/Land-tenure-in-Buganda.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802191103/http://makir.mak.ac.ug/bitstream/handle/10570/2733/Land-tenure-in-Buganda.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-08-02|title=Land Tenure in Buganda: Present Day Practices|last=Mukwaya|first=A.B|date=1953|website=Makerere University|access-date=27 October 2019}}</ref>

In 1906, the Crown lands consisting of Old Kampala, Nakasero hills etc. and covering {{convert|567|ha|km2 acre}} was consolidated and gazetted as Kampala Township.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

In 1912, Kampala Township received its first land-use plan and had a European and Asian population of 2,850.<ref>Nyakwebara, C (2010). "Chronology of Planning in Kampala: Implications for Future Structure Planning". The Urban Planning Magazine. No. 1. pp. 3–6.</ref>

In 1922, Kampala's oldest university, [[Makerere University|Makerere]], was founded as the Uganda Technical College at the present Makerere Hill and initially offered carpentry, building construction, mechanics, arts, education, agriculture, and medicine.

In 1930, the first sewerage plan was prepared to target a population of 20,000 people in the [[Nakasero]] and [[Old Kampala]] areas of the Kampala township. This plan guided sewerage development from 1936 to 1940 in planned urban areas of the Kampala Township and excluded the ''Kibuga'' area occupied by the [[Baganda]] and other natives.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Nilsson | first=David | title=A heritage of unsustainability? Reviewing the origin of the large-scale water and sanitation system in Kampala, Uganda | journal=Environment and Urbanization | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=18 | issue=2 | year=2006 | issn=0956-2478 | doi=10.1177/0956247806069618 | pages=369–385| doi-access=free | bibcode=2006EnUrb..18..369N }}</ref>
[[File:Uganda. Kampala. Imperial Hotel LOC matpc.17441.jpg|thumb|Kampala. The Imperial Hotel in 1936.]]

In 1931, the [[Uganda Railway]] line reached Kampala, connecting Kampala to [[Mombasa Port]], thirty-five years after the commencement of its construction.<ref>{{cite web | last=Lubega | first=Henry | title=History of Uganda Railway | website=Daily Monitor | date=2015-04-18 | url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/History--Uganda--Railway/689844-2689814-ojyae0z/index.html | access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>

In 1938, The East African Power & Lighting Company was granted a licence for thermal electric power generation and distribution for the towns of Kampala and [[Entebbe]], and in the same year [[Philip Mitchell (colonial administrator)|Sir Philip Mitchel]], the [[Governor of Uganda]], switched on Kampala and Uganda's first electric [[street lights]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gore|first=Christopher D.|title=Electricity in Africa: The Politics of Transformation in Uganda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|year=2017|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=978-1-84701-168-8|page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Mugabe | first=Faustin | title=110 years of electricity in Uganda | website=Daily Monitor | date=2018-04-20 | url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/110-years-electricity-Uganda/688342-4491242-pdxww5z/index.html | access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>

In 1945, [[Ernst May]], a German architect, was commissioned by the [[Uganda Protectorate]] Government to design a new physical plan for Kampala. Ernst May's plan of 1947 was intended to extend Kampala eastwards covering [[Kololo]] Hill and [[Naguru, Uganda|Naguru]] Hill, and with the commercial centre on the southern slopes of [[Nakasero]] Hill, an industrial zone in the southeast of Kampala, and, for the first time, a planned residential zone for the Ugandan natives.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last1=Pinther|first1=Kerstin|last2=Förster|first2=Larissa|last3=Hanussek|first3=Christian|title=Afropolis: City Media Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lcn62brtGQC&pg=PA59|year=2012|publisher=Jacana Media|isbn=978-1-4314-0325-7|page=59}}</ref> The plan was never fully implemented, and in 1951 the third physical plan by [[Henry Kendall (urban planner)|Henry Kendall]] was instead adopted, though it incorporated some elements of Ernst May's 1947 plan.<ref name="Folkers, Antoni S. 2019 p. 61">Folkers, Antoni S. et al. (2019). "Modern Architecture in Africa: Practical Encounters with Intricate African Modernity". Springer. 1st Ed. p. 61.</ref>
[[File:Uganda Printers Kampala 1950s.jpg|thumb|left|Kampala in 1950s]]
Henry Kendall's 1951 plan expanded Kampala from the {{convert|5.67|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}} area of the 1930 plan to an area of {{convert|28|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}} incorporating areas like [[Kololo]] Hill, and the Industrial Area. However, like the first two planning schemes, the 1951 plan failed to achieve many of its stated objectives.<ref name="Folkers, Antoni S. 2019 p. 61"/>

On 9 October 1962, [[Uganda]] gained independence; subsequently the capital city was transferred from [[Entebbe]] to Kampala and in the same year, Kampala was granted [[city status]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

In 1968, six years after Uganda attained independence, the boundaries of Kampala were expanded incorporating the ''Kibuga'' (then known as Mengo Municipality), Kawempe and Nakawa Townships, and areas including Muyenga and Ggaba.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|url=http://www.rrojasdatabank.info/kampala.pdf|title=Situation Analysis of Informal Settlements in Kampala|publisher=United Nations Human Settlements Programme|year=2007}}</ref> This increased the administrative area of Kampala from {{convert|28|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}} to the current {{convert|189|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}}.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

In 1972, the fourth physical plan for Kampala was made covering the newly incorporated areas of Kampala's boundary extensions of 1968, but the subsequent political and economic turmoil of the 1970s and 1980s meant the plan was never implemented.<ref name="auto2" /><ref>{{Cite conference|last1=Omolo-Okalebo|first1=Fredrick|last2=Sengendo|first2=Hannington|date=Jan–Feb 2011|title=Perspectives on City Planning of Post Independence Kampala: The Emergence of the Metropolitan Growth Model and the Hexagonal Cell|url=https://news.mak.ac.ug/documents/Makfiles/aet2011/Omolo.pdf|conference=Second International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology|pages=64–71|access-date=2019-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210143645/http://news.mak.ac.ug/documents/Makfiles/aet2011/Omolo.pdf|archive-date=2013-02-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Battle of Kampala]] during the [[Ugandan Bush War]] occurred in January 1986. It resulted in the capture of the city by the [[National Resistance Movement]], led by [[Yoweri Museveni]] and the subsequent surrender of the [[Ugandan government]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Similarly, the fifth physical plan for Kampala, made in 1994, like the 1972 plan, was also never implemented.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Participatory physical planning in Uganda: investigation on public participation processes during the preperation of the 1994 Kampala structure plan |url=http://makir.mak.ac.ug/handle/10570/4029 |publisher=Makerere University |date=June 2012 |degree=Thesis |language=en |first=Miriam |last=Lawino}}</ref>