Editing Kalinago (section)

===Resistance to the English and the French===
[[File:Agostino Brunias Carib Painting.jpg|thumb|''A Family of Carib natives drawn from life'', by [[Agostino Brunias]], c. 1765 – 1770s]]
In the seventeenth century, the Kalinago regularly attacked the plantations of the English and the French in the Leeward Islands. In the 1630s, planters from the Leewards conducted campaigns against the Kalinago, but with limited success. The Kalinago took advantage of divisions between the Europeans, to provide support to the French and the Dutch during wars in the 1650s, consolidating their independence as a result.<ref name=":1">Hilary Beckles, "The 'Hub of Empire': The Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century", ''The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume 1 The Origins of Empire'', ed. by Nicholas Canny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 234.</ref> Such wars led to a geopolitical boundary separating the [[Lesser Antilles]], inhabited by the Kalinago, from the [[Greater Antilles]], inhabited by the [[Taíno]]. This boundary became known as the "[[poison arrow]] curtain".<ref name="Kim" /><ref>{{cite book|page=135|title=The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492-1526|first=Troy S.|last=Floyd|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|year=1973}}</ref>

In 1660, France and England signed the ''Treaty of Saint Charles'' with Island Caribs. It stipulated that the Kalinago would [[Carib Expulsion|evacuate]] all the Lesser Antilles except for [[Dominica]] and [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent]], which were recognised as reserves. However, the English later ignored the treaty, and pursue a campaign against the Kalinago in succeeding decades.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Guadeloupe amérindienne|last=Delpuech|first=André|date=2001|publisher=Monum, éditions du patrimoine|isbn=9782858223671|location=Paris|pages=46–51|oclc=48617879}}</ref> Between the 1660s and 1700, the English waged an intermittent campaign against the Kalinago.<ref name=":0" />

By 1763, the British had annexed St Lucia, Tobago, Dominica and St Vincent.<ref name=":1" /> On Saint Vincent the Kalinago intermarried with runaway slaves, forming the ‘Black Caribs’ or Garifuna who were expelled to Honduras in 1797. The British colonial use of the term ''Black Carib'', particularly in [[Sir William Young, 2nd Baronet|William Young]]'s ''Account of the Black Charaibs'' (1795), has been described in modern historiography as framing the majority of the indigenous St. Vincent population as "mere interlopers from Africa" who lacked claims to land possession in St. Vincent.<ref name="Kim" />{{rp|121–123}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Hulme |first=Peter |title=The Global Eighteenth Century |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=9780801868658 |editor-last=Nussbaum |editor-first=Felicity A. |location=Baltimore |pages=182–194 |chapter=Black, Yellow, and White on St. Vincent: Moreau de Jonnès's Carib Ethnography}}</ref>{{rp|182}} On Dominica the runaways formed distinct Maroon communities while the Caribs remained distinct. A remnant of these Caribs lives on in the Kalinago Territory.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}