Editing Juan Pujol García (section)

=== Independent spying ===
In 1940, during the early stages of World War II, Pujol decided that he must make a contribution "for the good of humanity"<ref name=MI5>{{cite web|title=Agent Garbo|url=https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/about-us/who-we-are/mi5-history/world-war-ii/agent-garbo.html|publisher=MI5 Security Service|work=MI5 History|access-date=15 April 2015|archive-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706133545/https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/about-us/who-we-are/mi5-history/world-war-ii/agent-garbo.html|url-status=live}}</ref> by helping Britain, which was at the time Germany's only adversary.<ref name=MarkSeaman/><ref name="Seaman43"/> Starting in January 1941, he approached the British Embassy in Madrid three different times,<ref name=MI5/> including through his wife (though Pujol edited her participation out of his memoirs),<ref name=MarkSeaman/> but they showed no interest in employing him as a spy. Therefore, he resolved to establish himself as a German agent before approaching the British again to offer his services as a double-agent.<ref name=MarkSeaman/>

Pujol created an identity as a fanatically pro-Nazi Spanish government official who could travel to London on official business;<ref name=MI5/> he also obtained a fake Spanish [[diplomatic passport]] by fooling a printer into thinking Pujol worked for the Spanish embassy in Lisbon.<ref name=Seaman46>[[#Seaman|Seaman (2004)]]. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6CAPU9Ln3RYC&pg=PA46 p. 46].</ref> He contacted Friedrich Knappe-Ratey, an {{lang|de|[[Abwehr]]}} agent in Madrid, codenamed "Frederico".{{sfn|Haufler|2014|p=90}} The {{lang|de|Abwehr}} accepted Pujol and gave him a crash course in espionage (including secret writing), a bottle of [[invisible ink]], a codebook, and £600 for expenses. His instructions were to move to Britain and recruit a network of British agents.<ref name=MI5/>

He moved instead to Lisbon; using a tourist's guide to Britain, reference books and magazines from the Lisbon Public Library, and newsreel reports he saw in cinemas, he created seemingly credible reports that appeared to come from London.<ref name=MI5/> During his time in Portugal, he stayed in [[Estoril]], at the Hotel Palácio.<ref>[[Exiles Memorial Center]].</ref> He claimed to be travelling around Britain and submitted his travel expenses based on fares listed in a British railway guide. Pujol's unfamiliarity with the [[British coinage#Pre-decimal coinage|non-decimal system of currency]] used in Britain at the time was a slight difficulty.<ref>{{cite book|last=Levine|first=Joshua|title=Operation Fortitude|publisher=HarperCollins UK|year=2011|isbn=978-0-00-741324-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dBhrEFWA0MgC|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124235826/https://books.google.com/books?id=dBhrEFWA0MgC&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> At this time Great Britain's unit of currency, the [[pound sterling]], was subdivided into 20 shillings, each having twelve pence. Pujol was unable to total his expenses in this complex system, so simply itemised them, and said that he would send the total later.<ref name=MarkSeaman59>[[#Seaman|Seaman (2004)]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ut5y5vwKyW4C&pg=PA59 p. 59] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114231940/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ut5y5vwKyW4C&pg=PA59 |date=14 January 2020}}.</ref>

During this time he created an extensive network of fictitious sub-agents living in different parts of Britain. Because he had never actually visited the UK, he made several mistakes, such as claiming that his alleged contact in [[Glasgow]] "would do anything for a litre of wine", unaware of Scottish drinking habits or that the UK did not use the metric system.<ref name=MI5/> His reports were intercepted by the British [[Ultra (cryptography)|Ultra]] communications interceptions programme, and seemed so credible that the British counter-intelligence service [[MI5]] launched a full-scale spy hunt.<ref name=Historynet/>

In February 1942, either he or his wife (accounts differ)<ref name=Lisbon_Route >{{cite book|title=The Lisbon Route: Entry and Escape in Nazi Europe|page=331|first=Ronald|last=Weber|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXOoHJJVdoMC&pg=PA331|year=2011|publisher=Government Institutes|isbn=978-1-56663-876-0|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124235854/https://books.google.com/books?id=BXOoHJJVdoMC&pg=PA331&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> approached the United States after it had entered the war, contacting U.S. Navy Lieutenant Patrick Demorest in the [[naval attache]]'s office in Lisbon, who recognised Pujol's potential.<ref name=Historynet/> Demorest contacted his British counterparts.<ref name=elespia/>