Editing Joseph Severn (section)

== Life and work after the death of Keats ==
[[File:Portrait of Keats - HH.jpg|thumb|''[[Keats Listening to a Nightingale on Hampstead Heath]]'', 1845]]
Until recently, it was believed that Severn's life culminated in his association with Keats and that he lived on this fame for the rest of his long life. In reality, Severn launched his own successful artistic career soon after Keats died, becoming a versatile painter in Rome during the 1820s and 1830s. He painted miniatures and altarpieces, landscapes and frescoes, historical and religious scenes, and subjects from the Bible, Greek mythology and Shakespeare. His pictures of Italian peasant life and pastoral genre scenes became very popular with British visitors on the continent and attracted many commissions for his work.<ref>Scott, ''Letters and Memoirs'', p. 1</ref>

Severn was also instrumental in helping to found the [[British Academy of Arts in Rome]], which drew the support of such influential figures as the Duke of Devonshire, [[John Flaxman]] and [[Sir Thomas Lawrence]]. Severn's spacious apartment in the Via di San Isidoro became the busy centre of Academy life.<ref>Brown, ''Joseph Severn: A Life'', p. 137ff</ref> Among those who joined the academy were [[Charles Eastlake]], [[Richard Westmacott (the younger)]], [[William Bewick]] and [[Thomas Uwins]]. Perhaps the most dedicated patron of Severn's work in the 1830s was [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]], who was drawn to Severn more for his reputation as a painter than as Keats's friend.<ref>Scott, ''Letters and Memoirs'', p. 22</ref>

On his return to England in 1841 Severn fell on hard times, trying desperately to earn enough money to support his growing family by painting portraits. Although he was never able to match his early artistic success in Rome and eventually had to flee his creditors for the Isle of Jersey in 1853, between 1819 and 1857, Severn exhibited 53 paintings at the Royal Academy in London.<ref>Scott, ''Letters and Memoirs'', p. 1</ref>

In 1861, Severn was appointed British [[Consul (representative)|Consul]] in [[Rome]] during the ferment over Italian unification. A few months before his arrival [[Garibaldi]] had seized the Kingdom of Naples, and all of Southern Italy and Sicily had been annexed to the new Kingdom of Italy.<ref>Birkenhead, ''Against Oblivion'', p. 277</ref> Many of the kingdoms, principalities and dukedoms in the Italian peninsula had come together under the leadership of [[Victor Emmanuel II]], but Rome and its surroundings remained as the rump of the [[Papal States]]. This was the case throughout the majority of Severn's tenure as Consul, as [[Pope Pius IX]] managed to retain a fragile hold on power, relying on a garrison of French troops to control Rome.<ref>Brown, ''Joseph Severn: A Life'', p. 282-83</ref> Although the official position of the British government on "The Roman Question" was neutrality and nonintervention, Severn often took diplomatic action that his superiors viewed as exceeding his mandate as Consul. On several occasions, such as when he used his office to liberate Italian political prisoners in 1864, he was rebuked by the Foreign Office.<ref>Scott, ''Letters and Memoirs'', p. 51</ref> His knowledge of the Italian language and his affability and good humour, however, often helped in mediating between the papal regime and the British government.  He welcomed British visitors to Rome, such as [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]] and [[Robert Browning]], telling them about the time he nursed Keats,<ref>[[Fiona Sampson|Sampson, Fiona]] (2021). ''Two Way Mirror: The Life of Elizabeth Barrett Browning''. Profile Books, p 252</ref> and he was able on many occasions to offer advice and protection for British visitors who found themselves in awkward scrapes.<ref>Birkenhead, ''Against Oblivion'', pp. 284, 290, 295</ref> He eventually retired as Consul in 1872.
[[File:Severn.by.Mary.jpg|thumb|Severn drawn by his daughter [[Ann Mary Newton|Mary]]]]