Editing John II Komnenos (section)

==Military and civil administration==
The family intrigues that challenged his succession to the throne probably contributed to John's approach to rulership, which was to appoint men from outside the imperial family to high office. This was a radical departure from the methods of his father, who had used the imperial family and its many connections to fill almost all senior administrative and military posts.<ref name="Magdalino, p. 207"/>

John Axouch was John II's closest adviser and was his only intimate friend. Axouch was a Turk captured as a child at the [[Siege of Nicaea]], who had been given as a gift to John's father. Emperor Alexios had thought him a good companion for his son, and so he had been brought up alongside the prince in the imperial household. Axouch was immediately appointed [[Grand Domestic]] (in Greek: μέγας δομέστικος, ''megas domestikos''),  upon the accession of John II. The Grand Domestic was the commander in chief of the Byzantine armies. It has been suggested that references to Axouch's possession of the imperial seal early in the reign of  John's successor Manuel I  meant that he was, in addition to his military duties, the head of the civil administration of the Empire. This was an unofficial position known at the time as the ''[[mesazon]]'', and equivalent to a [[vizier]] or 'prime-minister.'<ref>Magdalino, p. 254</ref> Such an appointment was remarkable, and a radical departure from the nepotism that had characterised the reign of  Alexios I. The imperial family harboured some degree of resentment at this decision, which was reinforced by the fact that they were required to make [[obeisance]] to John Axouch whenever they met him.<ref>Choniates, p. 7</ref>

John's unwillingness to allow his family to influence his government to any great extent was to remain constant for the rest of his reign. John appointed a number of his father's former officials to senior administrative posts, men such as [[Eustathios Kamytzes]], [[Michaelitzes Styppeiotes]] and [[George Dekanos]]. These were men who had been politically eclipsed during the ascendancy exercised by John's mother in the later years of the reign of Alexios I.<ref name="Angold 1984, p. 152"/> A number of 'new men' were raised to prominence by John II, these included [[Gregory Taronites (''protovestiarios'')|Gregory Taronites]] who was appointed [[protovestiarios]],  [[Manuel Anemas]] and [[Theodore Vatatzes]], the latter two also became his sons-in-law. John's marriage policy, of bringing new families into the imperial orbit, may have been directed towards lessening the influence of certain prominent aristocratic clans, such as the Doukas, Diogenes and Melissenos families, some of which had produced emperors themselves in the past.<ref>Magdalino, pp. 207–208</ref>

Despite his move away from close reliance on the imperial family and its connections, John's court and government had many similarities to that of his father, not least in its serious tone and piety. Indeed, an extant collection of political advice couched in poetic form, called the ''[[Mousai (John II Komnenos)|Mousai]]'', are attributed to Alexios I. The ''Mousai'' are addressed directly to John II and exhort him, amongst other things, to maintain justice during his reign and a full treasury. Alexios' advice on rulership therefore continued to be available to his son, even after the old emperor's death.<ref>Bernard and Demoen, p. 21</ref>

The increase in military security and economic stability within Byzantine western Anatolia created by John II's campaigns allowed him to begin the establishment of a formal provincial system in these regions. The theme (province) of [[Thrakesion]] was re-established, with its administrative centre at [[Alaşehir|Philadelphia]]. A new theme, named [[Mylasa and Melanoudion]], was created to the south of Thrakesion.<ref>Haldon, p. 97</ref>