Editing Jane Goodall (section)

===Research at Gombe Stream National Park===
[[File:Jane Goodall, The Green Interview.webm|thumb|right|Goodall in conversation with [[Silver Donald Cameron]], discussing her work]]
[[File:Sculpture of Jane Goodall and David Greybeard.jpg|thumb|A sculpture of Jane Goodall and David Greybeard outside the Field Museum in Chicago]]
Goodall studied [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]] social and family life beginning with the [[Kasakela chimpanzee community]] in [[Gombe Stream National Park]], [[Tanzania]], in 1960.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web |title=Study Corner – Gombe Timeline |url=http://www.janegoodall.org/study-corner-gombe-timeline |publisher=Jane Goodall Institute |year=2010 |access-date=28 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="PBS" /> She found that "it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow."<ref name="PBS">{{Cite web |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/jane-goodalls-wild-chimpanzees/introduction/1908/ |title=Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees |year=1996 |access-date=28 July 2010}}</ref> She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider "human" actions.<ref name="PBS" /> Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of "the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years."<ref name="PBS" />

Goodall's research at Gombe Stream challenged two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians.<ref name="PBS" /> While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively "fishing" for termites.<ref name="Chimp">Goodall, Jane. ''Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey''. New York: Warner Books, 1999.</ref> The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking.<ref name="Chimp"/> Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as "Man the Toolmaker". In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, [[Louis Leakey]] wrote, "We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!"<ref name="Chimp"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janegoodall.org/study-corner-tool-use | work = www.janegoodall.org | title = Tool Use | access-date = 21 September 2009 | archive-date = 8 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140108153023/http://www.janegoodall.org/study-corner-tool-use | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="Goodall">The Jane Goodall Institute: [http://www.janegoodall.org/chimp_central/default.asp "Chimpanzee Central"], 2008.</ref>

In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream. She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as [[colobus]] monkeys.<ref name="PBS" /> Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus.<ref name="Goodall"/> The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours.<ref name="Goodall"/> The chimpanzees at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year.<ref name="PBS" /> This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What chimpanzees do? |url=http://www.chimpanzoo.org/enrichment/Foraging-chimpanzees.pdf |website=www.chimpanzoo.org |last=Tresz |first=Hilda}}</ref>

Goodall also observed the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops. Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance,<ref name="PBS" /> sometimes going as far as [[cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalism]].<ref name="Chimp"/> She says of this revelation, "During the first ten years of the study I had believed [...] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings. [...] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature."<ref name="Chimp"/> She described the 1974–1978 [[Gombe Chimpanzee War]] in her 1990 memoir, ''Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe''. Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Michael Lawrence |date=2021 |title=Insights into human evolution from 60 years of research on chimpanzees at Gombe |journal=Evolutionary Human Sciences |language=en |volume=3 |pages=e8 |doi=10.1017/ehs.2021.2 |pmid=33604500 |issn=2513-843X|pmc=7886264 }}</ref>

Goodall set herself apart from convention by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number. Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in avoiding emotional attachment to the subject being studied and thus losing [[objectivity (science)|objectivity]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blum |first=Deborah |author-link=Deborah Blum |date=26 November 2006 |title=The Primatologist |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/books/Blum.t.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029120123/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/books/Blum.t.html |archive-date=29 October 2018 |access-date=16 October 2020 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2017 |title=Jane Goodall |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/jane-goodall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819025408/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/jane-goodall/ |archive-date=19 August 2020 |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=[[National Geographic Society]] |language=en}}</ref> Goodall wrote in 1993: "When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised. Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'. I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins—anthropomorphism."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goodall |first1=Jane |url=http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/goodall01.htm |title=The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity |date=1993 |publisher=Fourth Estate |isbn=978-1-85702-126-4 |editor1-last=Cavalieri |editor1-first=Paola |location=London |page=10}}</ref>

Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society. She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months.

Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were:<ref>See [[Kasakela chimpanzee community]] for a more complete list and details.</ref>
*[[Kasakela chimpanzee community|David Greybeard]], a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall;<ref name="Gombe">[http://www.janegoodall.org/chimp_central/chimpanzees/gombe/default.asp Gombe National Park], Chimpanzee Central, Janegoodall.org</ref>
*[[Kasakela chimpanzee community#Male dominance|Goliath]], a friend of David Greybeard, originally the [[Alpha (biology)|alpha male]] named for his bold nature;
*[[Kasakela chimpanzee community#Male dominance|Mike]], who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male;
*[[Kasakela chimpanzee community#Male dominance|Humphrey]], a big, strong, bullysome male;
*Gigi, a large, [[Infertility|sterile]] female who delighted in being the "aunt" of any young chimps or humans;
*Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male;
*[[Kasakela chimpanzee community#Flo|Flo]], a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; [[Kasakela chimpanzee community#Figan|Figan]], [[Kasakela chimpanzee community#Faben|Faben]], [[Kasakela chimpanzee community#Freud|Freud]], [[Kasakela chimpanzee community#Fifi|Fifi]], and [[Kasakela chimpanzee community#Flint|Flint]];<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090129072309/http://janegoodall.org/chimp_central/chimpanzees/f_family/flo.asp Flo (approx. 1929–1972)], Chimpanzee Central, Janegoodall.org</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090126044252/http://janegoodall.org/chimp_central/chimpanzees/f_family/fifi.asp Fifi (1958–2004)], Chimpanzee Central, Janegoodall.org</ref>
*[[Kasakela chimpanzee community#Frodo|Frodo]], Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male.<ref name=killer>{{Cite web |title=Frodo, the Alpha Male |author=Fallow, A. |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |year=2003 |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0304/feature4/online_extra2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228130117/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0304/feature4/online_extra2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2007 |access-date=4 March 2009}}</ref>