Editing James Joyce (section)

==1904–1906: Zurich, Pola and Trieste==
===Zurich and Pola===
In October 1904, Joyce and Nora went into self-imposed exile.{{sfnm|Davies|1982|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/135 135]|O'Brien|2000|2pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000obri/page/42 42–43]}} They briefly stopped in London and Paris to secure funds{{sfn|Ellmann|1982|pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/183 183–184]}} before heading on to [[Zurich]].
Joyce had been informed through an agent in England that there was a vacancy at the [[Berlitz Language School]], but when he arrived there was no position.{{sfn|Ellmann|1982|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/184 184]}} The couple stayed in Zurich for a little over a week.{{sfnm|ZJJF|n.d.|1loc=|Fischer|2021|2p=[{{Google books|id=-IETEAAAQBAJ|page=PA8|plainurl=yes}} 9]}} The director of the school sent Joyce on to [[Trieste]],{{sfn|Fischer|2021|p=[{{Google books|id=-IETEAAAQBAJ|page=PA8|plainurl=yes}} 9]}} which was part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] until the First World War.{{efn|Trieste is now in Italy.}} There was no vacancy there either.{{efn|After less than an hour in Trieste, Joyce found himself arrested and jailed when he got into the middle of an altercation between three sailors of the [[Royal Navy]] and Austro-Hungarian police. He had to be released by the British Vice-Consul.{{sfnm|Bowker|2011|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24598884?&seq=4 670]| Stanzel|2001|2p =[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477813?seq=1 361]}} }} The director of the school in Trieste, Almidano Artifoni, secured a position for him in [[Pula|Pola]], then Austria-Hungary's major naval base,{{efn|It is now called Pula and is in Croatia.}} where he mainly taught English to naval officers.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/138 138]|Ellmann|1982|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/186 186]}} Less than one month after the couple had left Ireland, Nora had become pregnant.{{sfn|Maddox|1989|p=[https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/57 57]}} Joyce soon became close friends with Alessandro Francini Bruni, the director of the school at Pola,{{sfnm|Francini Bruni|1922|1p=[https://archive.org/details/portraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8/page/4 4]|Ellmann|1982|2pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/186 186–187]}} and his wife Clothilde. By the beginning of 1905, the two families were living together.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/139 139], [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/142 142]|Maddox|1989|2p= [https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/56 56]}} Joyce kept writing when he could. He completed a short story for ''Dubliners'', "[[Clay (short story)|Clay]]", and worked on his novel ''Stephen Hero''.{{sfnm|1a1=Ellmann|1y=1982|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/189 189]|2a1=Jackson|2a2=McGinley|2y=1993|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycesdubli0000joyc/page/n207 94]}} He disliked Pola, calling it a "back-of-God-speed place—a naval Siberia",{{sfn|Joyce|1957|p= [https://archive.org/details/letters00joyc/page/57 57]|ps=: Letter to Mrs William Murray [Aunt Josephine], New Year's Eve 1904 }} and as soon as a job became available, he went to Trieste.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/142 142 ]|Costello|1992|2p =[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/256 256]|Stanzel|2001|3p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477813?seq=3 363]}}{{efn|It was later rumoured that Joyce had been evicted from Pola when the Austrians—having discovered an espionage ring in the city—expelled all [[Alien (law)|aliens]], but the evidence suggests that he moved because the position in Trieste was better.{{sfnm|McCourt|2000|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/22 22–23]|Stanzel|2001|2p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477813?seq=3 363]}}}}
[[File:Caffe-stella-polare-trieste-2020.jpg|thumb|The Caffè Stella Polare in [[Trieste]] was often visited by Joyce.{{sfn|McCourt|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/235 235]}}|alt='Stella Polare', a café on the corner of an intersection. Tables with umbrellas on one street.]]
[[File:Kip Jamesa Joycea u Trstu.jpg|thumb|A statue of Joyce in Trieste]]

===First stay in Trieste===
Joyce moved to Trieste in March 1905 aged 23. He taught English at the Berlitz school.{{sfn|McCourt|1999a|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycepassio0000mcco/page/45 45]}} That June he published the satirical poem "Holy Office".{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/147 147]|Davies|1982|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/147 147]}}
After Nora gave birth to their first child, Giorgio,{{efn|Joyce's son was named Giorgio when he was born, but later preferred to be called George.{{sfn|Fargnoli|Gillespie|1996|p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycetozess0000farg_a0q1/page/118 118]}} }} on 27 July 1905,{{sfnm|Ellmann|1982|1p =[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/204 204]|McCourt|2000|2p= [https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/39 39]}} he convinced Stanislaus to move to Trieste and obtained a position for him at the Berlitz school. Stanislaus moved in with Joyce as soon as he arrived that October, although most of his salary went directly to supporting Joyce's family.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/150 150–151]|Ellmann|1982|2pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/212 211–213]}} In February 1906, the Joyce household once more shared an apartment with the Francini Brunis.{{sfnm|Francini Bruni|1947 |1pp= [https://archive.org/details/portraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8/page/39 39–40]|Ellmann|1982|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/214 214]|McCourt|2000|3p= [https://archive.org/details/yearsofbloomjame0000mcco/page/76 76]}}

During this period Joyce completed 24 chapters of ''Stephen Hero''{{sfn|Ellmann1982|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/207 207]}} and all but the final story of ''Dubliners'',{{sfn|Groden|1984|pp= [https://archive.org/details/companiontojoyce00etat/page/80 80–81]}} but was unable to get ''Dubliners'' published. Although the London publisher [[Grant Richards (publisher)|Grant Richards]] had a contract with Joyce, the printers were unwilling to print passages they found controversial; English law could not protect them if brought to court for circulating indecent language.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/152 152]|Hutton|2003|2pp= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24295682?seq=4 498–500]}} Richards and Joyce tried to find a solution where the book could avoid legal liability while preserving Joyce's artistic integrity. As they negotiated, Richards began to scrutinise the stories more carefully. He became concerned that the book might damage his publishing house's reputation and eventually backed down from his agreement.{{sfn|Hutton|2003|p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24295682?seq=9 503]}}

Trieste was Joyce's main residence until 1920;{{sfn|McCourt|1999a|pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycepassio0000mcco/page/44 44–45]}} he stayed temporarily in Rome, travelled to Dublin, and emigrated to Zurich during World War I, but Trieste became a second Dublin for him{{sfn|Frank|1926|p= [https://archive.org/details/portraitsofartis0000unse_p0n8/page/74 74]}} and played an important role in his development as a writer.{{sfnm|1a1=Hawley|1a2=McCourt|1y=2000|1loc= [https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/james-joyce-in-trieste 4:13–4:17]|2a1=Rocco-Bergera|2y=1972|2pp= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486995?&seq=1 342–349]}}{{efn|Joyce's Triestine colleague, the writer [[Italo Svevo]] states that with the exception of some stories of ''Dubliners'' and the "songs" of ''Chamber Music'', "All his other works down to Ulysses were born in Trieste".{{sfn|Svevo|1927|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000svev/page/n7 1]}} }} He completed ''Dubliners,'' reworked ''Stephen Hero'' into ''A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man'', wrote his only published play ''Exiles'' and decided to make ''Ulysses'' a full-length novel as he worked through his notes and jottings,{{sfn|Rocco-Bergera|1972|p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486995?seq=3 344]}} working out the characters of Leopold and Molly Bloom in Trieste.{{sfn|Hawley|McCourt|2000|loc= [https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/james-joyce-in-trieste 1:20–1:30]}} 
Many of the novel's details were taken from Joyce's observation of the city and its people,{{sfn|Svevo|1927|p = [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000svev/page/n10 3]}} and some of its stylistic innovations appear to have been influenced by [[Futurism]].{{sfnm|del Greco Lobner|1985|1p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477575 73]|McCourt|1999b|2p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25473995&seq1 85]}}{{efn|Regarding the role of Trieste on the creation of Ulysses, Svevo states "To the Irish critic [Earnest] Boyd, who asserted that ''Ulysses'' was merely the product of pre-war thought in Ireland, [[Valery Larbaud]] replied 'Yes, in so far as it came to maturity in Trieste'."{{sfn|Svevo|1927|pp = [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000svev/page/n11 3–4]}}}} There are even words of the Triestine dialect in ''Finnegans Wake''.{{sfnm|1a1=Crise|1a2=Rocco-Bergera|1a3=Dalton|1y=1969|1pp= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486807?&seq=1 65–69]|2a1=Zanotti|2y=2001|2p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477816?seq=13 423]}} Joyce was introduced to the Greek Orthodox liturgy in Trieste. Under its influence, he rewrote his first short story and later drew on it in creating the liturgical parodies in ''Ulysses''.{{sfnm|Lang|1993|pp1=[https://archive.org/details/ulyssesirishgod0000lang/page/27 27–38, 115–16, 262]|McCourt|2000|2pp=60–62}}