Editing Jaguar (section)

===Evolution===
[[File:Panthera onca augusta.JPG|thumb|right|Fossil skull of ''P. o. augusta'']]
The ''Panthera'' [[Lineage (evolution)|lineage]] is estimated to have [[Genetic divergence|genetically diverged]] from the [[common ancestor]] of the [[Felidae]] around {{Ma|9.32|4.47|million years ago}} to {{Ma|11.75|0.97|million years ago}}.<ref name="Johnson2006">{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |last5=Antunes |first5=A. |last6=Teeling |first6=E. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=The late miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=311 |issue=5757 |pages=73–77 |date=2006 |pmid=16400146 |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J |s2cid=41672825 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075725/https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Werdelin2010">{{cite book |last1=Werdelin |first1=L. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=N. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) |date=2010 |pages=59–82 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-923445-5 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |editor1-last=Macdonald |editor1-first=D. W. |editor2-last=Loveridge |editor2-first=A. J. |title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925141956/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Li_al2016>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=G. |last2=Davis |first2=B. W. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |name-list-style=amp |date=2016 |title=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114 |pmid=26518481 |pmc=4691742}}</ref> Some genetic analyzes place the jaguar as a [[sister species]] to the lion with which it diverged {{Ma|3.46|1.22|million years ago}},<ref name=Johnson2006/><ref name="Werdelin2010"/> but other studies place the lion closer to the leopard.<ref name="davis2010">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=B. W. |last2=Li |first2=G. |last3=Murphy |first3=W. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, ''Panthera'' (Carnivora: Felidae) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |year=2010 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=64–76 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036 |pmid=20138224 |bibcode=2010MolPE..56...64D |url=https://www.academia.edu/12157986 |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121100453/https://www.academia.edu/12157986 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mazak2011">{{cite journal |last1=Mazák|first1=J. H. |last2=Christiansen |first2=P. |last3=Kitchener |first3=A. C. |last4=Goswami |first4=A. |name-list-style=amp |title=Oldest known pantherine skull and evolution of the tiger |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=e25483 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 |pmid=22016768 |pmc=3189913 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625483M|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The lineage of the jaguar appears to have originated in Africa and spread to Eurasia 1.95–1.77 mya. The living jaguar species is often suggested to have descended from the Eurasian ''[[Panthera gombaszoegensis]].'' The ancestor of the jaguar entered the American continent via [[Beringia]], the land bridge that once spanned the [[Bering Strait]],<ref name="Argant2011">{{cite journal |first1=A. |last1=Argant |first2=J. |last2=Argant |name-list-style=amp |title=The ''Panthera gombaszogensis'' story: the contribution of the Château Breccia (Saône-et-Loire, Burgundy, France) |journal=Quaternaire |issue=Hors-serie 4 |year=2011 |pages=247–269 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286036249 |access-date=24 November 2021 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021307/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286036249_The_Panthera_Gombaszogensis_story_The_contribution_of_the_chateau_breccia_Saone-Et-Loire_Burgundy_France |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jiangzuo|first1=Q. |last2=Liu |first2=J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2020|title=First record of the Eurasian jaguar in southern Asia and a review of dental differences between pantherine cats|journal=Journal of Quaternary Science |volume=35|issue=6|pages=817–830 |doi=10.1002/jqs.3222|bibcode=2020JQS....35..817J |s2cid=219914902}}</ref> Some authors have disputed the close relationship between ''P. gombaszoegensis'' (which is primarily known from Europe) and the modern jaguar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Chatar |first1=Narimane |last2=Michaud |first2=Margot |last3=Fischer |first3=Valentin |date=September 2022 |editor-last=Silcox |editor-first=Mary |title=Not a jaguar after all? Phylogenetic affinities and morphology of the Pleistocene felid Panthera gombaszoegensis |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1464 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1464 |bibcode=2022PPal....8E1464C |hdl=2268/294237 |issn=2056-2799 |s2cid=252489047 |hdl-access=free |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927093151/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1464 |url-status=live }}</ref> The oldest fossils of modern jaguars (''P. onca'') have been found in North America dating between 850,000-820,000 years ago.<ref name=SK1993/> Results of [[mitochondrial DNA]] analysis of 37 jaguars indicate that current populations evolved between 510,000 and 280,000 years ago in northern South America and subsequently recolonized North and Central America after the extinction of jaguars there during the [[Late Pleistocene]].<ref name=Eizirik>{{cite journal |author1=Eizirik, E. |author2=Kim, J. H. |author3=Menotti-Raymond, M. |author4=Crawshaw P. G. Jr. |author5=O'Brien, S. J. |author6=Johnson, W. E. |year=2001 |name-list-style=amp |title=Phylogeography, population history and conservation genetics of jaguars (''Panthera onca'', Mammalia, Felidae) |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=65–79 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01144.x |pmid=11251788 |bibcode=2001MolEc..10...65E |s2cid=3916428 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236534 }}</ref>

Two extinct subspecies of jaguar are recognized in the fossil record: the North American ''[[Panthera onca augusta|P. o. augusta]]'' and South American ''[[Panthera onca mesembrina|P. o. mesembrina]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chahud|first1=A. |last2=Okumura|first2=M. |year=2020|title=The presence of ''Panthera onca'' Linnaeus 1758 (Felidae) in the Pleistocene of the region of Lagoa Santa, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil |journal=Historical Biology |volume=33|issue=10|pages=2496–2503 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2020.1808975 |s2cid=225408043}}</ref>
{{clade gallery |align=left |width=520px; |main-caption=[[Phylogenetics|Phylogenetic]] relationships of the jaguar as derived through analysis of
 |header1=nuclear DNA:<ref name=Johnson2006 />
 |cladogram1={{clade |label1=Felidae
  |1={{clade |label2=Pantherinae
   |1=Felinae [[File:Felis torquata - 1834 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg|70 px]]
    |2={{clade |label1=''Panthera''
     |1={{clade
       |1={{clade
         |1={{clade
           |1=[[Lion]] (''P. leo'') [[File:Felis leo - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(White Background).jpg|70 px]]
           |2='''Jaguar''' [[File:Felis onca - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|70 px]]}}
           |2=[[Leopard]] (''P. pardus'') [[File:Felis pardus - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|70 px]]}}
         |2={{clade
           |1=[[Tiger]] (''P. tigris'') [[File:Stamp-russia2014-save-russian-cats-(tiger).png|70 px]]
           |2=[[Snow leopard]] (''P. uncia'') [[File:Stamp-russia2014-save-russian-cats-(snow leopard).png|70 px]]}} }}
       |2=''[[Neofelis]]'' [[File:Studienblatt Felis macroscelis Nebelparder (white background).jpg|70 px]]}} }}  }}
 |header2=mitochondrial DNA:<ref name=Li_al2016 />
 |cladogram2={{clade |label1=Felidae
  |1={{clade |label2=Pantherinae
    |1=Felinae [[File:Felis torquata - 1834 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg|70 px]]
    |2={{clade |label1=''Panthera''
     |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1={{clade|1=Lion [[File:Felis leo - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(White Background).jpg|70 px]]|2=Leopard [[File:Felis pardus - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|70 px]]}}
          |2=Snow leopard [[File:Stamp-russia2014-save-russian-cats-(snow leopard).png|70 px]]}}
        |2='''Jaguar''' [[File:Felis onca - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|70 px]]}}
      |2=Tiger [[File:Stamp-russia2014-save-russian-cats-(tiger).png|70 px]]}}
  |2=''Neofelis'' [[File:Studienblatt Felis macroscelis Nebelparder (white background).jpg|70 px]]}} }} }}
}}{{clear|left}}