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=== Overview === Like all land plants, ''Isoetes'' undergoes an alternation of generations between a diploid sporophyte stage and a sexual haploid gametophyte stage. However, the dominance of one stage over the other has shifted over time. The development of vascular tissue and subsequent diversification of land plants coincides with the increased dominance of the sporophyte and reduction of the gametophyte. ''Isoetes'', as members of the [[Lycopodiopsida]] class, are part of the oldest extant lineage that reflects this shift to a sporophyte dominant lifecycle. In closely related lineages, such as the extinct ''[[Lepidodendron]]'', spores were dispersed by the sporophyte through large collections of sporangia called strobili for wind-based spore dispersal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kenrick, Paul.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37107157|title=The origin and early diversification of land plants : a cladistic study|date=1997|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|others=Crane, Peter R.|isbn=1-56098-730-8|location=Washington, DC|oclc=37107157}}</ref> However, ''Isoetes'' are small heterosporous semi-aquatic plants, with different reproductive needs and challenges than large tree-like land plants.
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