Editing Islamophobia (section)

===Irrational fear===
[[File:IVČRN 14-03-2015 2.JPG|thumb|Speaker at a demonstration of the initiative [[We do not want Islam in the Czech Republic]] in 2015]]
As opposed to being a psychological or individualistic phobia, according to professors of religion Peter Gottschalk and Gabriel Greenberg, "Islamophobia" connotes a [[social anxiety]] about Islam and Muslims.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wesleyan.edu/newsletter/campus/2007/1107islambook.html |title=Faculty, Alumnus Discuss Concept of "Islamophobia" in Co-Authored Book |access-date=29 December 2007 |date=20 November 2007 |author=Corrina Balash Kerr |website=[[Wesleyan University]] Newsletter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820031422/http://www.wesleyan.edu/newsletter/campus/2007/1107islambook.html |archive-date=20 August 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=19 November 2007|title=Images of Muslims: Discussing Islamophobia with Peter Gottschalk|url=http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/articleview/6181/1/296/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206034654/http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/articleview/6181/1/296/ <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=6 December 2007|access-date=29 December 2007|website=[[Political Affairs Magazine]]}}</ref> Some social scientists have adopted this definition and developed instruments to measure Islamophobia in form of fearful attitudes towards, and avoidance of, Muslims and Islam,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=S. A.|last2=Gibbons|first2=J. A.|last3=Thompson|first3=J. M.|last4=Timani|first4=H. S.|year=2009|title=The islamophobia scale: Instrument development and initial validation|journal=[[International Journal for the Psychology of Religion]]|volume=19|issue=2|pages=92–105|doi=10.1080/10508610802711137|s2cid=146757435}}</ref><ref name="kunst2012b">{{cite journal|last1=Kunst|first1=J. R.|last2=Sam|first2=D. L.|last3=Ulleberg|first3=P.|year=2012|title=Perceived islamophobia: Scale development and validation|url=https://zenodo.org/record/812038|journal=[[International Journal of Intercultural Relations]]|volume=37|issue=2|pages=225–37|doi=10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.11.001}}</ref> arguing that Islamophobia should "essentially be understood as an affective part of [[social stigma]] towards Islam and Muslims, namely fear".<ref name=kunst2012b/>{{rp|page=2}}