Editing Islamic philosophy (section)

===''Kalam''===
{{Main|Kalam}}
''ʿIlm al-Kalām'' ({{langx|ar|{{big|علم الكلام}}}}) is the philosophy that seeks [[Islamic theology|Islamic theological]] principles through [[dialectic]]. In [[Arabic language|Arabic]], the word literally means "speech".<ref>Simon van den Bergh, in his commentary on [[Averroes]]' ''Incoherence of the Incoherence'', argues that Kalām was influenced by Greek [[Stoicism]] and that the term ''mutakallimun'' (those who speak to each other, i.e. dialecticians) is derived from the Stoics' description of themselves as ''dialektikoi''.</ref>

One of the first debates was that between partisans of the ''[[Predestination in Islam|Qadar]]'' ({{lang|ar|{{big|قدر}}}} meaning "Fate"), who affirmed [[free will]]; and the ''Jabarites'' ({{lang|ar|{{big|جبر}}}} meaning "force", "constraint"), who believed in [[fatalism]].

At the 2nd century of the [[Hijri year|Hijra]], a new movement arose in the theological school of [[Basra]], [[Iraq]]. A pupil of [[Hasan of Basra]], [[Wasil ibn Ata]], left the group when he disagreed with his teacher on whether a Muslim who has committed a major sin invalidates his faith. He systematized the radical opinions of preceding sects, particularly those of the Qadarites and Jabarites. This new school was called ''[[Mu'tazila|Mu'tazilite]]'' (from ''i'tazala'', to separate oneself).

The Mu'tazilites looked in towards a strict [[rationalism]] with which to interpret Islamic doctrine. Their attempt was one of the first to pursue a [[rational theology]] in Islam. They were however severely criticized by other Islamic philosophers, both [[Maturidi]]s and [[Asharites]]. The great Asharite scholar [[Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi]] wrote the work ''Al-Mutakallimin fi 'Ilm al-Kalam'' against the Mutazalites.

In later times, ''Kalam'' was used to mean simply "theology", i.e. the ''duties of the heart'' as opposed to (or in conjunction with) ''[[fiqh]]'' (jurisprudence), the ''duties of the body''.<ref name="Wolfson1976">{{cite book |last=Wolfson |first=Harry Austryn |title=The philosophy of the Kalam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuv8J-g7EdAC&pg=PA1 |access-date=28 May 2011 |year=1976 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-66580-4 |pages=3–4}}</ref>