Editing Islamic economics (section)

===Pre-modern Muslim thought on economics===
Classical scholars in the Muslim world did however, make valuable contributions to Islamic thought on issues involving production, consumption, income, wealth, property, taxation, land ownership, etc. are [[Abu Yusuf]] (d. 798),  [[Muhammad al-Shaybani|Muhammad bin al-Hasan]] (d. 805), [[Al-Mawardi]] (d. 1058), [[Ibn Hazm]] (d. 1064), [[Al-Sarakhsi|Sarakhsi]] (d. 1090), [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|Tusi]] (d. 1093), [[Al-Ghazali|Ghazali]] (d. 1111), [[Abu al-Fadl Ja'far ibn 'Ali al-Dimashqi|Al-Dimashqi]] (d. after 1175), [[Ibn Rushd]] (d. 1187), [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] (d.1328), Ibn al-Ukhuwwah (d. 1329), [[Ibn al-Qayyim]] (d. 1350), [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani|Sayyid Ali Hamadani]] (d. 1384), [[Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi|Al-Shatibi]] (d. 1388), [[Ibn Khaldun]] (d. 1406), [[Al-Maqrizi]] (d. 1442), [[Jalal al-Din al-Dawani|Dawwani]] (d. 1501), [[Aurangzeb|Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir]] (d. 1707).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Chapra|first=M. Umar|editor=Whaples, Robert|title=Islamic Economics: What It Is and How It Developed |url=http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/chapra.islamic|encyclopedia=EH.net: Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History|year=2010|access-date=8 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609123906/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/chapra.islamic}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jackson|first1=Roy|title=Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136950360}}</ref>

[[Abu Yusuf]] (d. 798) was author of the book ''al Kharaj''&mdash;literally "the return or revenue" but was used by the author to mean "public revenues and taxation"&mdash;which was a policy guide to [[Harun al-Rashid]], the fifth [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Caliph]].{{sfn|Kahf|2003|p=2}} Muhammad bin al-Hasan (d.805)  wrote  ''al Iktisab fi al Rizq al Mustatab'' [Earned Desired income], intended as advice to businessmen "in their endeavors to create income opportunities".{{sfn|Kahf|2003|p=2}} Abu 'Ubaid al Qasim bin Sallam (d.839) was the author of  ''al-Amwal''  (plural of "wealth").{{sfn|Kahf|2003|p=2}}

Perhaps the most well-known Islamic scholar who wrote about economical issues was [[Ibn Khaldun]],<ref>[[Sobhi Mahmassani|Mahmassani, Sobhi]] (1932). ''Les Idées Economiques d'Ibn Khaldoun (The Economic Thought of Ibn Khaldoun)'', BOSC Frères, M. et L. RIOU, Lyon, is an early treatise on Ibn Khaldun's economic thought.</ref>{{#tag:ref|also called the father of modern Historiography and Sociology.<ref name="glasse-2005-138">{{cite book|last1=Glasse |first1=Cyril|editor1-last=BeDuhn|editor1-first=Jason|title=New Light on Manichaeism: Papers from the Sixth International Congress on Manichaeism|date=2005|publisher=Brill|page=138|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nHWT_RqkOcC&q=Ibn+Khaldun+%22father+of+modern%22&pg=PA138|access-date=7 April 2017|chapter=How We KNow the Exact Year the Archegos Left Baghdad|isbn=978-9004172852}}</ref> Schumpeter (1954) p 136 mentions his sociology, others, including Hosseini (2003) emphasize him as well|group=Note}} who has been called "the father of modern economics" by I.M. Oweiss.<ref>I. M. Oweiss (1988), "Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics", ''Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses'', [[New York University Press]], {{ISBN|0-88706-698-4}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boulakia |first1=Jean David C. |title=Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist |journal=Journal of Political Economy |date=1971 |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=1105–1118 |doi=10.1086/259818|s2cid=144078253 }}</ref> Ibn Khaldun wrote on what is now called economic and political theory in the introduction, or ''[[Muqaddimah]]'' (''Prolegomena''), of his ''History of the World'' (''[[Kitab al-Ibar]]''). He discussed what he called ''asabiyya'' (social cohesion), which he cited as the cause of the advancement of some civilizations. Ibn Khaldun felt that many social forces are cyclic, although there could be sudden sharp turns that break the pattern.<ref>{{harvnb|Weiss|1995|pp=29–30}}</ref>

His ideas about the benefits of the [[division of labor]] also relate to ''asabiyya'', the greater the social cohesion, the more complex the successful division may be, the greater the economic growth. He noted that growth and development positively stimulates both [[supply and demand]], and that the forces of supply and demand are what determines the prices of goods.<ref>{{harvnb|Weiss|1995|p=31}} quotes Muqaddimah 2:276–78</ref> He also noted [[macroeconomic]] forces of population growth, [[human capital]] development, and technological developments effects on development.<ref>{{harvnb|Weiss|1995|p=31}} quotes ''Muqaddimah'' 2: 272–73</ref> In fact, Ibn Khaldun thought that population growth was directly a function of wealth.<ref>{{harvnb|Weiss|1995|p=33}}</ref>

Medieval Islamic economics appears to have somewhat resembled a form of capitalism, some arguing that it laid the foundations for the development of modern capitalism.<ref>{{citation|title=Charlemagne, Muhammad, and the Arab roots of capitalism|first=Gene W.|last=Heck|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|year=2006|isbn=978-3-11-019229-2}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Capitalism and Freedom: The Contradictory Character of Globalisation|first=Peter|last=Nolan|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84331-280-2|page=277}}</ref>