Editing Intrauterine growth restriction (section)

==Causes==
IUGR is caused by a variety of factors; these can be fetal, maternal, placental or genetic factors.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Deepak|last2=Shastri|first2=Sweta|last3=Sharma|first3=Pradeep|date=2016|title=Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Antenatal and Postnatal Aspects|journal=Clinical Medicine Insights. Pediatrics|volume=10|pages=67–83|doi=10.4137/CMPed.S40070|issn=1179-5565|pmc=4946587|pmid=27441006}}</ref>

===Maternal===
* Pre-pregnancy weight and nutritional status
* Poor weight gain during pregnancy
* [[Malnutrition]]
* [[Anemia]]
* Substance use: smoking, alcohol, drugs including marijuana or cocaine
* Medication: warfarin, steroids, anticonvulsants
* Inter-pregnancy interval of less than 6 months
* [[Assisted reproductive technology|Assisted reproductive technologies]]
* [[diabetes mellitus|Pre-gestational diabetes]]
* [[Gestational diabetes]]
* Pulmonary disease
* Cardiovascular disease
* Kidney disease
* [[Hypertension]]
* [[Celiac disease]] increases the risk of intrauterine growth restriction by an [[odds ratio]] of approximately 2.48<ref name=SacconeBerghella2015>{{cite journal|vauthors=Saccone G, Berghella V, Sarno L, Maruotti GM, Cetin I, Greco L, Khashan AS, McCarthy F, Martinelli D, Fortunato F, Martinelli P|title=Celiac disease and obstetric complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=214|issue= 2|pages= 225–34|date= October 9, 2015 |pmid=26432464|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.080|hdl=11369/330101|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* Subclinical hypothyroidism<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tong|first1=Zhao|last2=Xiaowen|first2=Zhang|last3=Baomin|first3=Chen|last4=Aihua|first4=Liu|last5=Yingying|first5=Zhou|last6=Weiping|first6=Teng|last7=Zhongyan|first7=Shan|date=2016-05-01|title=The Effect of Subclinical Maternal Thyroid Dysfunction and Autoimmunity on Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Medicine|volume=95|issue=19|pages=e3677|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003677|issn=1536-5964|pmc=4902545|pmid=27175703}}</ref>
* [[Thrombophilia|Blood clotting disorder/disease]] (e.g., [[Factor V Leiden]])

===Uteroplacental===
* [[Preeclampsia]]
* [[Multiple birth|Multiple gestation]]
* [[uterus|Uterine]] malformations
* [[Placental insufficiency]]

===Fetal===
* [[Chromosome|Chromosomal abnormalities]]
* [[Vertically transmitted infection]]s: TORCH, [[Malaria]], congenital HIV infection, [[Syphilis]]
* [[Erythroblastosis fetalis]]
* [[Congenital abnormalities]]

=== Genetic ===
* Placental genes
* Maternal genes: Endothelin-1 over-expression, Leptin under-expression
* Fetal genes