Editing Innovation (section)

== Types ==
Several frameworks have been proposed for defining types of innovation.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Blank|first=Steve|date=1 February 2019|title=McKinsey's Three Horizons Model Defined Innovation for Years. Here's Why It No Longer Applies.|work=Harvard Business Review|url=https://hbr.org/2019/02/mckinseys-three-horizons-model-defined-innovation-for-years-heres-why-it-no-longer-applies|access-date=16 August 2020|issn=0017-8012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Satell|first=Greg|date=21 June 2017|title=The 4 Types of Innovation and the Problems They Solve|work=Harvard Business Review|url=https://hbr.org/2017/06/the-4-types-of-innovation-and-the-problems-they-solve|access-date=16 August 2020|issn=0017-8012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Edwards-Schachter |first1=Mónica |title=The nature and variety of innovation |journal=International Journal of Innovation Studies |date=2018 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=65–79 |doi=10.1016/j.ijis.2018.08.004 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Sustaining vs disruptive innovation ===
[[File:L-Hochrad.png|thumb|upright=1.5|An 1880 penny-farthing (left), and a 1886 [[Rover Company#Before cars|Rover]] safety bicycle with gearing]]
One framework proposed by [[Clayton Christensen]] draws a distinction between sustaining and [[disruptive innovation]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bower|first1=Joseph L.|last2=Christensen|first2=Clayton M.|date=1 January 1995|title=Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave|work=Harvard Business Review|issue=January–February 1995|url=https://hbr.org/1995/01/disruptive-technologies-catching-the-wave|access-date=16 August 2020|issn=0017-8012}}</ref> Sustaining innovation is the improvement of a product or service based on the known needs of current customers (e.g. faster microprocessors, flat screen televisions). Disruptive innovation in contrast refers to a process by which a new product or service creates a new market (e.g. transistor radio, free crowdsourced encyclopedia, etc.), eventually displacing established competitors.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Christensen|first1=Clayton M.|last2=Raynor|first2=Michael E.|last3=McDonald|first3=Rory|date=1 December 2015|title=What Is Disruptive Innovation?|work=Harvard Business Review|issue=December 2015|url=https://hbr.org/2015/12/what-is-disruptive-innovation|access-date=16 August 2020|issn=0017-8012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Disruptive Innovations|url=https://www.christenseninstitute.org/disruptive-innovations/|access-date=16 August 2020|publisher=Christensen Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> According to Christensen, disruptive innovations are critical to long-term success in business.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Christensen, Clayton |author2=Overdorf, Michael|year=2000|title=Meeting the Challenge of Disruptive Change|url=https://hbr.org/2000/03/meeting-the-challenge-of-disruptive-change|journal=Harvard Business Review}}</ref>

Disruptive innovation is often enabled by disruptive technology. [[Marco Iansiti]] and [[Karim R. Lakhani]] define foundational technology as having the potential to create new foundations for global technology systems over the longer term. Foundational technology tends to transform business [[operating model]]s as entirely new business models [[emergence|emerge]] over many years, with gradual and steady adoption of the innovation leading to waves of [[technological change|technological]] and [[institution]]al change that gain momentum more slowly.<ref name="hbr201701">
{{cite news |last1=Iansiti|first1=Marco |last2=Lakhani|first2=Karim R. |url=https://hbr.org/2017/01/the-truth-about-blockchain |title=The Truth About Blockchain |work=[[Harvard Business Review]] |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |date=January 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |quote=a foundational technology: It has the potential to create new foundations for our economic and social systems. }}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2020}} The advent of the [[packet-switched]] communication protocol [[TCP/IP]]—originally introduced in 1972 to support a single [[use case]] for [[United States Department of Defense]] electronic communication (email), and which gained widespread adoption only in the mid-1990s with the advent of the [[World Wide Web]]—is a foundational technology.<ref name="hbr201701" />

=== Four types of innovation model ===
Another framework was suggested by Henderson and Clark. They divide innovation into four types;
* '''Radical innovation''': "establishes a new dominant design and, hence, a new set of core design concepts embodied in components that are linked together in a new architecture." (p.&nbsp;11)<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Henderson|first1=Rebecca M.|last2=Clark|first2=Kim B.|date=March 1990|title=Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms|journal=Administrative Science Quarterly|volume=35|issue=1|page=9|doi=10.2307/2393549|jstor=2393549|s2cid=6255046 |issn=0001-8392|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:37971074 }}</ref>
* '''Incremental innovation''': "refines and extends an established design. Improvement occurs in individual components, but the underlying core design concepts, and the links between them, remain the same." (p.&nbsp;11)<ref name=":1" />
* '''Architectural innovation''': "innovation that changes only the relationships between them [the core design concepts]" (p.&nbsp;12)<ref name=":1" />
* '''Modular Innovation''': "innovation that changes only the core design concepts of a technology" (p.&nbsp;12)<ref name=":1" />

While Henderson and Clark as well as Christensen talk about technical innovation there are other kinds of innovation as well, such as service innovation and organizational innovation.

===Non-economic innovation===
As distinct from business-centric views of innovation concentrating on generating profit for a firm, other types of innovation include: [[social innovation]], religious innovation,<ref>
{{cite book
 |editor-last1         = Williams
 |editor-first1        = Michael A.
 |editor-last2         = Cox
 |editor-first2        = Collett
 |editor-last3         = Jaffee
 |editor-first3        = Martin S.
 |year                 = 1992
 |title                = Innovation in Religious Traditions: Essays in the Interpretation of Religious Change
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=AD2hShiXNjEC
 |series               = Religion and society (volume 31)
 |publication-place    = Berlin
 |publisher            = Walter de Gruyter
 |isbn                 = 9783110127805
 |access-date          = 16 February 2024
}} 
</ref>
[[sustainable innovation]] (or [[green innovation]]),<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1= Schiederig|first1= Tim|last2= Tietze|first2= Frank|last3= Herstatt|first3= Cornelius|date= 22 February 2012|title= Green innovation in technology and innovation management – an exploratory literature review|journal= R&D Management|volume= 42|issue=2|pages= 180–192|doi= 10.1111/j.1467-9310.2011.00672.x|s2cid=153958119|issn=0033-6807}}
</ref>
and [[responsible innovation]].<ref>
{{Citation|last1= Blok|first1= Vincent|year= 2015|work=Responsible Innovation 2|pages=19–35|place= Cham|publisher= Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-17307-8|last2=Lemmens|first2=Pieter|title=The Emerging Concept of Responsible Innovation. Three Reasons Why It is Questionable and Calls for a Radical Transformation of the Concept of Innovation |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-17308-5_2|hdl=2066/150613|hdl-access=free}}
</ref>

=== Open innovation ===
One type of innovation that has been the focus of recent literature is [[open innovation]] or "[[Crowdsourcing|crowd sourcing]]." Open innovation refers to the use of individuals outside of an organizational context who have no expertise in a given area to solve complex problems.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Amabile |first=Teresa |date=December 2017 |title=In Pursuit of Everyday Creativity |url=https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/18-002_ee708f75-293f-4494-bf93-df5cd96b48a6.pdf |journal=Journal of Creative Behavior |pages=2–3 |via=Harvard Business School}}</ref>

=== User innovation ===
Similar to open innovation, [[user innovation]] is when companies rely on users of their goods and services to come up with, help to develop, and even help to implement new ideas.<ref name=":4" />