Editing Ingrid Bergman (section)

===1939–1949: Hollywood and stage work breakthrough===
[[File:Ingrid Bergman Portrait Still.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Bergman in 1941]]
Bergman's first acting role in the United States was in ''[[Intermezzo: A Love Story]]'' by [[Gregory Ratoff]] which premiered on 22 September 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFI{{!}}Catalog |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/5126-INTERMEZZO-A-LOVE-STORY?cxt=filmography |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> She accepted the invitation of [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] producer [[David O. Selznick]], who wished her to star in the English-language remake of her earlier Swedish film ''[[Intermezzo (1936 film)|Intermezzo]]'' (1936). Unable to speak English, and uncertain about her acceptance by the American audience, she expected to complete this one film and return home to Sweden. Her husband, Petter Aron Lindström, remained in Sweden with their daughter Pia (born 1938).<ref name=Chandler/>{{rp|63}} In ''Intermezzo'', she played the role of a young piano accompanist, opposite [[Leslie Howard]], who played a famous violin virtuoso. Bergman arrived in [[Los Angeles]] on 6 May 1939 and stayed at the Selznick home until she could find another residence.

According to Selznick's son Danny, who was a child at the time, his father had concerns about Bergman: "She didn't speak English, she was too tall, her name sounded too German, and her eyebrows were too thick". Bergman was soon accepted without having to modify her looks or name, despite some early suggestions by Selznick.<ref name="Chandler"/>{{rp|6}} "He let her have her way", notes a story in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine. Selznick understood her fear of Hollywood make-up artists, who might turn her into someone she wouldn't recognize, and "instructed them to lay off". He was also aware that her natural good looks would compete successfully with Hollywood's "synthetic razzle-dazzle".<ref name="LifeMag"/>
During the following weeks, while ''Intermezzo'' was being filmed, Selznick was also filming ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]''. In a letter to William Hebert, his publicity director, Selznick described a few of his early impressions of Bergman: {{blockquote|Miss Bergman is the most completely conscientious actress with whom I have ever worked, in that she thinks of absolutely nothing but her work before and during the time she is doing a picture&nbsp;... She practically never leaves the studio, and even suggested that her dressing room be equipped so that she could live here during the picture. She never for a minute suggests quitting at six o'clock or anything of the kind&nbsp;... Because of having four stars acting in ''Gone with the Wind'', our star dressing-room suites were all occupied and we had to assign her a smaller suite. She went into ecstasies over it and said she had never had such a suite in her life&nbsp;... All of this is completely unaffected and completely unique and I should think would make a grand angle of approach to her publicity&nbsp;... so that her natural sweetness and consideration and conscientiousness become something of a legend&nbsp;... and is completely in keeping with the fresh and pure personality and appearance which caused me to sign her.<ref name="Selznick">Selznick, David O. "Memo from David O. Selznick", Selected and edited by [[Rudy Behlmer]], Viking Press (1972), in letter dated 22 June 1939.</ref>{{rp|135–136}}}}
[[File:Ingrid Bergman studio portrait photo.jpg|thumb|Bergman in 1939]]
''Intermezzo'' became an enormous success and as a result, Bergman became a star. Ratoff, said, "She is sensational." This was the "sentiment of the entire set", wrote a retrospective,{{Vague|date=October 2020}}<!-- Which retrospective? --> adding that workmen went out of their way to do things for her and that the cast and crew "admired the quick, alert concentration she gave to direction and to her lines".<ref name="LifeMag"/> Film historian [[David Thomson (film critic)|David Thomson]] notes that this became "the start of an astonishing impact on Hollywood and America", where her lack of make-up contributed to an "air of nobility". According to ''Life'', the impression that she left on Hollywood, after she returned to Sweden, was of a tall girl "with light brown hair and blue eyes who was painfully shy, but friendly, with a warm, straight, quick smile".<ref name="LifeMag"/>

Selznick appreciated her uniqueness.<ref name="Thomson"/>{{rp|76}} Bergman was hailed as a fine new talent, and received many positive reviews. ''[[The New York Times]]'' noted her "freshness and simplicity and natural dignity" and the maturity of her acting which was nonetheless, free of "stylistic traits—the mannerisms, postures, precise inflections—that become the stock in trade of the matured actress". [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] noted that she was warm and convincing, and provided an "arresting performance" and that her "charm, sincerity" ...and "infectious vivaciousness" would "serve her well in both comedy and drama". There was also recognition of her natural appearance, in contrast to other film actresses. ''[[The New York Tribune]]'' critic wrote: "Using scarcely any make-up, but playing with mobile intensity, she creates the character so vividly and credibility that it becomes the core of [the] narrative."<ref name="Quirk2"/>{{rp|73–74}} Bergman made her stage debut in 1940 with ''[[Liliom]]'' opposite [[Burgess Meredith]],<ref name="Leamer2">{{Cite book |last=Leamer, Laurence |url=https://archive.org/details/astimegoesbylif00leam |title=As Time Goes By: The Life of Ingrid Bergman |publisher=[[Harper & Row]] |year=1986 |isbn=0-06-015485-3 |pages=459, 460, 461, 464}}</ref> at a time when she was still learning English. Selznick was worried that his new starlet's value would diminish if she received bad reviews. Brooks Atkinson of ''The New York Times'' said that Bergman seemed at ease, and commanded the stage that evening.<ref name=":0"/> That same year she starred in ''[[June Night]]'' ({{lang|sv|Juninatten}}), a [[Swedish language]] [[drama]] film directed by [[Per Lindberg]].<ref>Charlotte Chandler, ''Ingrid: Ingrid Bergman, A Personal Biography'' pg. 71; ISBN 141653914X (2007)<br> ''" ... more films in Germany ended, Ingrid started the last Swedish film she had agreed to do, ''June Night''. The theme of the film, sexual harassment, was well ahead of its time. {{lang|sv|Juninatten}} (''June Night'', 1940) Kerstin Nosbäc (Ingrid Bergman) leads ..."''</ref> She plays Kerstin, a woman who has been shot by her lover. The news reaches the national papers. Kerstin moves to Stockholm under the new name of Sara, but lives under the scrutiny and watchful eye of her new community. {{lang|sv|Öresunds-Posten}} wrote, "Bergman establishes herself as an actress belonging to the world elite."<ref name=Eclipse/>

{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Rage in Heaven poster.jpg
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| caption1 = ''Rage in Heaven'' (1941) poster with Bergman, [[Robert Montgomery (actor)|Robert Montgomery]], and [[George Sanders]]
| image2 = Bogart Bergman Casablanca.jpg
| caption2 = Bogart and Bergman as lovers in ''Casablanca'' (1942)
| image3 = Ingrid Bergman The Bells of St. Mary's Photo.jpg
| caption3 = Bergman as Sister Benedict in ''The Bells of St. Mary's'' (1945)
}}

Bergman was loaned out of David O. Selznick's company, to appear in three films which were released in 1941. On 18 February, Robert Sherwood Productions' released her second collaboration with Gregory Ratoff, ''[[Adam Had Four Sons]].''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=AFI{{!}}Catalog |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/26586-ADAM-HAD-FOUR-SONS?cxt=filmography |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> On 7 March, [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] released [[W. S. Van Dyke]]'s ''[[Rage in Heaven]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFI{{!}}Catalog |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/27034-RAGE-IN-HEAVEN?cxt=filmography |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> On 12 August, [[Victor Fleming]]'s ''[[Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941 film)|Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]]'', another Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer production, had its New York opening. Bergman was supposed to play the "good girl" role of Dr Jekyll's fiancée but pleaded with the studio that she should play the "bad girl" Ivy, the saucy barmaid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) |url=https://nymag.com/listings/movie/dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde-1902/ |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=NYMag.com}}</ref> Reviews noted that "she gave a finely-shaded performance". A New York Times review stated that "the young Swedish actress proves again, that a shining talent can sometimes lift itself above an impossibly written role".<ref name="Quirk2">{{Cite book |last=Quirk |first=Lawrence J. |url=http://archive.org/details/filmsofingridber0000quir |title=The films of Ingrid Bergman |date=13 October 1970 |publisher=New York : Citadel Press |isbn=9780806502120 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>{{rp|84}} Another review said: "she displays a canny combination of charm, understanding, restraint and sheer acting ability."<ref name="Quirk2"/>{{rp|85}}

On 30 July 1941 at the Lobero Theatre in Santa Barbara, Bergman made her second stage appearance in ''[[Anna Christie]].<ref name="Leamer2"/>''<ref name=":0"/> She was praised for her performance as a whore in the play based on Eugene O'Neill's work. A San Francisco paper said she was as unspoiled as a fresh Swedish snowball. Selznick called her "The [[Colgate-Palmolive|Palmolive]] [[Greta Garbo|Garbo]]", a reference to a popular soap, and a well-known Swedish actress of the time. Thornton Delaharty said, "Lunching with Ingrid is like sitting down to an hour or so of conversation with an intelligent orchid."<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Bergman |first=Ingrid |title=My Story |publisher=Sphere Books Ltd |year=1981 |isbn=0722116314 |location=Great Britain |page=531}}</ref>

''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'', by [[Michael Curtiz]], opened on 26 November 1942.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFI{{!}}Catalog |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/27175-CASABLANCA?cxt=filmography |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> Bergman co-starred with [[Humphrey Bogart]] in the film; this remains her best-known role. She played the role of Ilsa, the former love of Rick Blaine and wife of Victor Laszlo, fleeing with Laszlo to the United States.<ref name="Chandler"/> The film premiered on 26 November 1942 at New York's [[Hollywood Theater (New York)|Hollywood Theater]]. ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote, "The events are shot with sharp humor and delightful touches of political satire."<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2014 |title='Casablanca': THR's 1942 Review {{!}} Hollywood Reporter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/casablanca-review-1942-movie-752498 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> It went into more general release, in January 1943.<ref name="Quirk2"/>{{rp|86}}''Casablanca'' was not one of Bergman's favorite performances. "I made so many films which were more important, but the only one people ever want to talk about is that one with Bogart."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ingrid Bergman – The Official Licensing Website of Ingrid Bergman |url=https://www.ingridbergman.com/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=Ingrid Bergman}}</ref> In later years, she stated, "I feel about ''Casablanca'' that it has a life of its own. There is something mystical about it. It seems to have filled a need, a need that was there before the film, a need that the film filled".<ref name="Chandler"/>{{rp|88}} Despite her personal views regarding her performance, [[Bosley Crowther]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote that "Bergman was surprisingly lovely, crisp and natural&nbsp;... and lights the romantic passages with a warm and genuine glow". Other reviewers said that she "[plays] the heroine with&nbsp;... appealing authority and beauty" and "illuminates every scene in which she appears" and compared her to "a youthful Garbo."<ref name="Quirk2"/>{{rp|89}}

''[[For Whom the Bell Tolls (film)|For Whom the Bell Tolls]]'' had its New York premiere on 14 July 1943.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFI{{!}}Catalog |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/437-FOR-WHOM-THE-BELL-TOLLS?cxt=filmography |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> With "Selznick's steady boosting", she played the part of Maria, it was also her first color film. For the role, she received her first Academy Award nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]. The film was adapted from [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s [[For Whom the Bell Tolls|novel of the same title]] and co-starred [[Gary Cooper]]. When the book was sold to [[Paramount Pictures]], Hemingway stated that "Miss Bergman, and no one else, should play the part". His opinion came from seeing her in her first American role, ''Intermezzo''. They met a few weeks later, and after studying her, he declared, "You ''are'' Maria!".<ref name="LifeMag">Carlile, Thomas, and Speiser, Jean. ''Life'', 26 July 1943, pp. 98–104.</ref> [[James Agee]], writing in ''[[The Nation]]'', said Bergman "bears a startling resemblance to an imaginable human being; she really knows how to act, in a blend of poetic grace with quiet realism,<ref name="James"/> which almost never appears in American pictures." He speaks movingly of her character's confession of her rape, and her scene of farewell, "which is shattering to watch". Agee believed that Bergman has truly studied what Maria might feel and look like in real life, and not in a Hollywood film. Her performance is both "devastating and wonderful to see".<ref name="Quirk2"/>{{rp|94}}

''[[Gaslight (1944 film)|Gaslight]]'' opened on 4 May 1944.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFI{{!}}Catalog |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/1552-GASLIGHT?cxt=filmography |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> Bergman won her first [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] for her performance. Under the direction of [[George Cukor]], she portrayed a "wife driven close to madness" by her husband, played by [[Charles Boyer]]. The film, according to Thomson, "was the peak of her Hollywood glory."<ref name=Thomson/>{{rp|77}} Reviewers noted her sympathetic and emotional performance, and that she exercised restraint, by not allowing emotion to "slip off into hysteria". ''The New York Journal-American'' called her "one of the finest actresses in filmdom" and said that "she flames in passion and flickers in depression until the audience—becomes rigid in its seats".<ref name="Quirk2"/>{{rp|99–100}}

{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Spellbound poster.jpg
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| caption1 = Bergman with [[Gregory Peck]] in ''Spellbound'' (1945)
| image2 = Gary Cooper in Saratoga Trunk 1945.jpg
| caption2 = Bergman in ''Saratoga Trunk'' (1945)
| image3 = Notorious1946.jpg
| caption3 = Bergman and Cary Grant in a publicity photo for ''Notorious'' (1946)
}}

''[[The Bells of St. Mary's]]'' premiered on 6 December 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFI{{!}}Catalog |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/24326-THE-BELLS-OF-ST-MARYS?cxt=filmography |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> Bergman played a nun opposite [[Bing Crosby]], for which she received her third consecutive nomination for Best Actress. Crosby plays a priest who is assigned to a Roman Catholic school where he conflicts with its headmistress, played by Bergman. Reviewer Nathan Robin said: 'Crosby's laconic ease brings out the impishness behind Bergman's fine-china delicacy, and Bergman proves a surprisingly spunky and spirited comic foil for Crosby'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bells Of St. Mary's |url=https://thedissolve.com/reviews/381-the-bells-of-st-marys/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010115504/http://thedissolve.com/reviews/381-the-bells-of-st-marys/ |archive-date=10 October 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=The Dissolve}}</ref> The film was the biggest box office hit of 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2019 |title=The Bells of St. Mary's – Media Play News |work=Media Play News |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/the-bells-of-st-marys-review/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |last1=Clark |first1=Mike }}</ref>

[[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s ''[[Spellbound (1945 film)|Spellbound]]'' premiered on 28 December 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFI{{!}}Catalog |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/24594-SPELLBOUND?cxt=filmography |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> In ''Spellbound'', Bergman played Dr. Constance Petersen, a psychiatrist whose analysis could determine whether or not Dr. Anthony Edwardes, played by [[Gregory Peck]], is guilty of murder. Artist [[Salvador Dalí]] was hired to create a dream sequence but much of what had been shot was cut by Selznick.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyttelton |first=Oliver |date=31 October 2012 |title=5 Things You May Not Know About Alfred Hitchcock's 'Spellbound' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2012/10/5-things-you-may-not-know-about-alfred-hitchcocks-spellbound-104471/ |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=IndieWire}}</ref> During the film, she had the opportunity to appear with [[Michael Chekhov]], who was her acting coach during the 1940s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ledger |first=Adam J. |title=Michael Chekhov |url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=5949 |access-date=6 March 2007 |website=litencye.com |publisher=The Literary Dictionary Company}}</ref> This would be the first of three collaborations she had with Hitchcock.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cerabona |first=Ron |date=7 September 2019 |title=Fine pairings of director and star |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6361690/fine-pairings-of-director-and-star/ |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=The Canberra Times}}</ref>

Next, Bergman starred in ''[[Saratoga Trunk]]'', with Gary Cooper, a film originally shot in 1943, but released on 30 March 1946.<ref name="Bogle">{{Citation |last=Bogle |first=Donald |title=Heat Wave: The Life and Career of Ethel Waters |url=https://archive.org/details/heatwavelifecare2011bogl/page/369 |page=[https://archive.org/details/heatwavelifecare2011bogl/page/369 369] |year=2011 |publisher=Harper-Collins |isbn=978-0-06-124173-4 |author-link=Donald Bogle}}</ref> It was first released to the armed forces overseas. In deference to more timely war-themed and patriotic films, Warner Bros held back the theatrical opening in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFI{{!}}Catalog |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/24565 |access-date=8 October 2020 |website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> On 6 September premiered Hitchcock's ''[[Notorious (1946 film)|Notorious]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFI{{!}}Catalog |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/24900-NOTORIOUS?cxt=filmography |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> In it, Bergman played a US spy, Alicia Huberman, who had been given an assignment to infiltrate the Nazi sympathizers in [[South America]]. Along the way, she fell in love with her fellow spy, played by [[Cary Grant]]. The film also starred [[Claude Rains]] in an Oscar-nominated performance by a supporting actor. According to [[Roger Ebert]], ''Notorious'' is the most elegant expression of Hitchcock's visual style.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=Notorious movie review & film summary (1946) {{!}} Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-notorious-1946 |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=rogerebert.com}}</ref> "''Notorious'' is my favorite Hitchcock", he asserted. Writing for the [[BFI]], Samuel Wigley called it a "perfect" film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wigley |first=Samuel |title=Notorious at 70: Toasting Hitchcock's dark masterpiece |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/notorious-70th-anniversary |access-date=9 October 2020 |website=British Film Institute|date=15 August 2016 }}</ref> ''Notorious'' was selected by the [[National Film Registry]] in 2006 as culturally and significantly important.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wertheimer |first=Linda |author-link=Linda Wertheimer |title='Blazing Saddles' Makes National Film Registry |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6700144 |access-date=9 October 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Ingrid Bergman & Victor Fleming.jpg|thumb|upright|Bergman with director Victor Fleming at the premiere of ''[[Joan of Arc (1948 film)|Joan of Arc]]'' (1949)]]
On 5 October 1946, Bergman appeared in ''Joan of Lorraine'' at the Alvin Theatre in New York. Tickets were fully booked for a twelve-week run. It was the greatest hit in New York. After each performance, crowds were in line to see Bergman in person. ''[[Newsweek]]'' called her 'Queen of the Broadway Season.' She reportedly received roughly $129,000 plus 15 percent of the grosses. ''The Associated Press'' named her "Woman of the Year". ''Gallup'' certified her as the most popular actress in America.<ref name=":0"/>

On 17 February 1948, [[Arch of Triumph (1948 film)|''Arch of Triumph'']], by [[Lewis Milestone]] was released with Bergman and [[Charles Boyer]] as the leading roles<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFI{{!}}Catalog |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/25448-ARCH-OF-TRIUMPH?cxt=filmography |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> Based on [[Erich Maria Remarque]]'s book, it follows a story of Joan Madou, an Italian-Romanian refugee who works as a cabaret singer in a Paris nightclub. Distressed by her lover's sudden death, she attempts suicide by plunging into the Seine, but rescued by Dr Ravic, a German surgeon (Charles Boyer).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arch of Triumph |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/67562/arch-of-triumph |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=Turner Classic Movies}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Arch of Triumph (1948) |date=14 October 2008 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1001148-arch_of_triumph |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> On 11 November 1948, ''[[Joan of Arc (1948 film)|Joan of Arc]]'' had its world premiere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFI{{!}}Catalog |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/25598-JOAN-OF-ARC?cxt=filmography |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> For her role, Bergman received another Best Actress nomination. The independent film was based on the Maxwell Anderson play ''[[Joan of Lorraine]]'', which had earned her a [[Tony Award]] earlier that year.<ref name="Leamer2"/> Produced by [[Walter Wanger]] and initially released through [[RKO]]. Bergman had championed the role since her arrival in Hollywood, then chose to appear on the Broadway stage in Anderson's play. The film was not a big hit with the public, partly because of the Rossellini scandal, which broke while the film was still in theatres. Even worse, it received disastrous reviews, and, although nominated for several Academy Awards, did not receive a Best Picture nomination. It was subsequently cut by 45 minutes, but restored to full length in 1998, and released in 2004 on DVD.

''[[Under Capricorn]]'' premiered on 9 September 1949, as another Bergman and Hitchcock collaboration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFI{{!}}Catalog |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/768-UNDER-CAPRICORN?cxt=filmography |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> The film is set in the Australia of 1831. The story opens as Charles Adare, played by [[Michael Wilding]], arrives in [[New South Wales]] with his uncle. Desperate to find his fortune, Adare meets Sam Flusky ([[Joseph Cotten]]), who is married to Adare's childhood friend Lady Henrietta (Bergman), an alcoholic kept locked in their mansion. Soon, Flusky becomes jealous of Adare's affection for his wife. The film met with negative reactions from critics. Some of the negativity may have been based on disapproval of Bergman's affair with the Italian director [[Roberto Rossellini]]. Their scandalous relationship became apparent, shortly after the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2018 |title=Film Geeks Know That Hitchcock's "Under Capricorn" Is So Much More Than Merely a Costume Drama |url=https://www.popmatters.com/under-capricorn-alfred-hitchcock-2584067831.html?rebelltitem=5#rebelltitem5?rebelltitem=5 |access-date=10 October 2020 |website=PopMatters}}</ref>