Editing Indigenous peoples in Brazil (section)

====Genetic studies====
{{Further| Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
[[File:Indios apiaka no rio Arinos.jpg|thumb|[[Apiacá people]], painted by [[Hércules Florence]], 1827]]

===== Y-chromosome DNA =====
An analysis of [[Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] [[Y-chromosome DNA]] reveals specific clustering within much of the South American population. The [[Microsatellite (genetics)|micro-satellite]] diversity and distributions of Y-chromosome lineages specific to South America suggest that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region.<ref name=subclades>{{cite web
 |url=http://64.40.115.138/file/lu/6/52235/NTIyMzV9K3szNTc2Nzc=.jpg?download=1
 |title=Summary of knowledge on the subclades of Haplogroup Q
 |publisher=Genebase Systems
 |year=2009
 |access-date=17 December 2010
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510204204/http://64.40.115.138/file/lu/6/52235/NTIyMzV9K3szNTc2Nzc%3D.jpg?download=1
 |archive-date=10 May 2011
}}</ref>

===== Autosomal DNA =====
According to a 2012 [[autosomal DNA]] genetic study,<ref name="nature.com">{{cite journal|title=Reconstructing Native American population history| volume=488|issue=7411|doi=10.1038/nature11258|journal=Nature|pages=370–374|pmc=3615710|bibcode=2012Natur.488..370R|pmid=22801491|year=2012 | last1 = Reich | first1 = D | last2 = Patterson | first2 = N | last3 = Campbell | first3 = D | last4 = Tandon | first4 = A | last5 = Mazieres | first5 = S | last6 = Ray | first6 = N | last7 = Parra | first7 = MV | last8 = Rojas | first8 = W | last9 = Duque | first9 = C }}</ref> Native Americans descend from at least three main migrant waves from Siberia. Most of their ancestry traces back to a single ancestral population, referred to as the 'First Americans'. However, [[Inuit languages|Inuit-speaking]] populations from the [[Arctic]] inherited nearly half of their ancestry from a second Siberian migrant wave, while [[Na-dene]] speakers inherited about one-tenth of their ancestry from a third migrant wave. The initial settlement of the Americas was followed by a rapid expansion southward along the coast, with limited gene flow later, especially in [[South America]]. An exception to this is the [[Chibcha]] speakers, whose ancestry includes contributions from both North and South America.<ref name="nature.com"/>

===== mtDNA =====
[[File:Menina da etnia Terena.jpg|thumb|[[Terena people|Terena]] girl at the closing ceremony of the Indigenous Peoples Games]]
Another study, focused on mitochondrial DNA ([[mtDNA]]), which is inherited only through the maternal line,<ref name="plosone.org">{{cite journal |last1=Tamm |first1=Erika |last2=Kivisild |first2=Toomas |last3=Reidla |first3=Maere |last4=Metspalu |first4=Mait |last5=Smith |first5=David Glenn |last6=Mulligan |first6=Connie J. |last7=Bravi |first7=Claudio M. |last8=Rickards |first8=Olga |last9=Martinez-Labarga |first9=Cristina |last10=Khusnutdinova |first10=Elsa K. |last11=Fedorova |first11=Sardana A. |last12=Golubenko |first12=Maria V. |last13=Stepanov |first13=Vadim A. |last14=Gubina |first14=Marina A. |last15=Zhadanov |first15=Sergey I. |last16=Ossipova |first16=Ludmila P. |last17=Damba |first17=Larisa |last18=Voevoda |first18=Mikhail I. |last19=Dipierri |first19=Jose E. |last20=Villems |first20=Richard |last21=Malhi |first21=Ripan S. |last22=Carter |first22=Dee |title=Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders |journal=PLOS ONE|date=5 September 2007 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=e829 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000829 |pmid=17786201 |pmc=1952074 |bibcode=2007PLoSO...2..829T|doi-access=free }}</ref> revealed that the maternal ancestry of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas traces back to a few founding lineages from Siberia, likely arriving via the [[Bering Strait]]. According to this study, the ancestors of Native Americans likely remained near the [[Bering Strait]] for a time before rapidly spreading throughout the Americas and eventually reaching  [[South America]]. A 2016 study on mtDNA lineages found that "a small population entered the Americas via a coastal route around 16,000 years ago, following a period of isolation in eastern [[Beringia]] for approximately 2,400 to 9,000 years after separating from eastern Siberian populations. After spreading rapidly throughout the Americas, limited gene flow in South America resulted in a distinct [[phylogeographic]] structure of populations, which persisted over time. All ancient [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|mitochondrial lineages]] detected in this study were absent from modern data sets, suggesting a high extinction rate. To investigate this further, we applied a novel principal components multiple logistic regression test to Bayesian serial coalescent simulations. The analysis supported a scenario in which European colonization caused a substantial loss of pre-Columbian lineages."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Llamas |first1=Bastien |last2=Fehren-Schmitz |first2=Lars |last3=Valverde |first3=Guido |last4=Soubrier |first4=Julien |last5=Mallick |first5=Swapan |last6=Rohland |first6=Nadin |last7=Nordenfelt |first7=Susanne |last8=Valdiosera |first8=Cristina |last9=Richards |first9=Stephen M. |last10=Rohrlach |first10=Adam |last11=Romero |first11=Maria Inés Barreto |last12=Espinoza |first12=Isabel Flores |last13=Cagigao |first13=Elsa Tomasto |last14=Jiménez |first14=Lucía Watson |last15=Makowski |first15=Krzysztof |last16=Reyna |first16=Ilán Santiago Leboreiro |last17=Lory |first17=Josefina Mansilla |last18=Torrez |first18=Julio Alejandro Ballivián |last19=Rivera |first19=Mario A. |last20=Burger |first20=Richard L. |last21=Ceruti |first21=Maria Constanza |last22=Reinhard |first22=Johan |last23=Wells |first23=R. Spencer |last24=Politis |first24=Gustavo |last25=Santoro |first25=Calogero M. |last26=Standen |first26=Vivien G. |last27=Smith |first27=Colin |last28=Reich |first28=David |last29=Ho |first29=Simon Y. W. |last30=Cooper |first30=Alan |last31=Haak |first31=Wolfgang |title=Ancient mitochondrial DNA provides high-resolution time scale of the peopling of the Americas |journal=Science Advances |date=1 April 2016 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=e1501385 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1501385 |pmid=27051878 |pmc=4820370 |bibcode=2016SciA....2E1385L }}</ref>

===== Linguistic comparison with Siberia =====

Linguistic studies have supported genetic findings, revealing ancient patterns between the languages spoken in [[Siberia]] and those in the Americas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dediu |first1=Dan |last2=Levinson |first2=Stephen C. |title=Abstract Profiles of Structural Stability Point to Universal Tendencies, Family-Specific Factors, and Ancient Connections between Languages |journal=PLOS ONE|date=20 September 2012 |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=e45198 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0045198 |pmid=23028843 |pmc=3447929 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...745198D |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===== The Oceanic component in the Amazon region =====

Two 2015 autosomal DNA genetic studies confirmed the Siberian origins of the Native peoples of the Americas. However, an ancient signal of shared ancestry with the [[Indigenous peoples of Oceania|Indigenous peoples of Australia and Melanesia]] was detected among the Native populations of the [[Amazon region]]. This migration from [[Siberia]] is estimated to have occurred around 23,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans|journal=Science|volume=349|issue=6250|pages=aab3884| author=Raghavan |date=21 August 2015|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1126/science.aab3884|pmc=4733658 |pmid=26198033}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Skoglund |first1=P |last2=Mallick |first2=S |last3=Bortolini |first3=MC |last4=Chennagiri |first4=N |last5=Hünemeier |first5=T |last6=Petzl-Erler |first6=ML |author-link6=Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler |last7=Salzano |first7=FM |last8=Patterson |first8=N |last9=Reich |first9=D |date=21 July 2015 |title=Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas |journal=Nature |volume=525 |issue=7567 |pages=104–8 |bibcode=2015Natur.525..104S |doi=10.1038/nature14895 |pmc=4982469 |pmid=26196601}}</ref><ref name="Skoglund2016">{{cite journal|last1= Skoglund|first1= P.|last2= Reich|first2= D.|title=A genomic view of the peopling of the Americas|journal= Current Opinion in Genetics & Development|volume= 41|year= 2016|pages= 27–35|doi= 10.1016/j.gde.2016.06.016|pmc= 5161672|pmid=27507099}}</ref>