Editing Indian National Army (section)

===Revival===
On 4 July 1943 two days after reaching Singapore, Bose assumed the leadership of the IIL and the Indian National Army in a ceremony at Cathay Building. Bose's influence was notable. His appeal re-invigorated the INA, which had previously consisted mainly of prisoners of war: it also attracted Indian expatriates in South Asia. He famously proclaimed that ''Give me blood! I will give you freedom''

"Local civilians joined the INA, doubling its strength. They included barristers, traders and plantation workers, as well as  Khudabadi Sindhi Swarankars who were working as shop keepers; many had no military experience."<ref name=Belle199>{{Harvnb|Belle|2014|p=199}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| publisher = National Archives of Singapore| url = http://www.s1942.org.sg/s1942/indian_national_army/revival.htm| title = Historical Journey of the Indian National Army| access-date = 2007-07-07| archive-date = 16 May 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070516104856/http://www.s1942.org.sg/s1942/indian_national_army/revival.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> Carl Vadivella Belle estimates under Bose's dynamic appeal, membership of the IIL peaked at 350,000, while almost 100,000 local Indians in South-east Asia volunteered to join the INA, with the army ultimately reaching a force of 50,000.<ref name="Belle199"/> [[Hugh Toye]]— a British Intelligence officer and author of a 1959 history of the army called ''[[The Springing Tiger]]''— and American historian Peter Fay (author of a 1993 history called ''The Forgotten Army'')  have reached similar estimates of troop strength. The first INA is considered to have comprised about 40,000 troops, of whom about 4,000 withdrew when it was disbanded in December 1942. The Second INA started with 12,000 troops.<ref name=Toye1959p286>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=286}}</ref> Further recruitment of former Indian Army personnel added about 8,000–10,000. About 18,000 Indian civilians also enlisted during this time.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} Belle estimates almost 20,000 were local Malayan Indians, while another 20,000 were ex-British-Indian Army members who volunteered for the INA.<ref name="Belle199"/> 
[[File:Gandhi and Subhas Bose.jpg|thumb|right| [[Subhas Bose]] with [[Mohandas Gandhi]] at a Congress meeting, c 1938]]
The exact organisation of the INA and its precise troop strength is not known, since its records were destroyed by the withdrawing ''Azad Hind'' Government before Rangoon  [[Burma Campaign#Race for Rangoon|was recaptured]] by Commonwealth forces in 1945.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=556}}</ref> The order of battle described by Fay (constructed from discussions with INA-veterans), nonetheless, is similar to that described of the first INA by Toye in ''The Springing Tiger''. The 1st Division, under M.Z. Kiani, drew many ex-Indian army prisoners of war who had joined Mohan Singh's first INA. It also drew prisoners of war who had not joined in 1942. It consisted of the 2nd Guerrilla Regiment (the [[Gandhi Brigade (regiment)|Gandhi Brigade]]) consisting of two battalions under Col. Inayat Kiani; the 3rd Guerrilla Regiment (the [[Azad Brigade]]) with three battalions under Col. Gulzara Singh; and the 4th Guerrilla Regiment (or [[Nehru Brigade]]) commanded by the end of the war by Lt. Col [[Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=263}}</ref> The 1st Guerrilla Regiment&nbsp;– the [[Subhas Brigade]]&nbsp;– under Col. Shah Nawaz Khan was an independent unit, consisting of three infantry battalions. A special operations group was also to be set up called the ''[[Bahadur group]]'' (Valiant), to operate behind enemy lines.<ref name=Toye1959138>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=138}}</ref>

A training school for INA officers, led by Habib ur Rahman, and the ''Azad'' School for the civilian volunteers were set up to provide training to the recruits. A youth wing of the INA, composed of 45 young Indians personally chosen by Bose and known as the [[Tokyo Boys]], was also sent to Japan's Imperial Military Academy, where its members trained as fighter pilots. A separate all-female unit was also created under [[Lakshmi Sahgal]]. This unit was intended to have combat-commitments.<ref name=Gordonp496>{{Harvnb|Gordon|1990|p=496}}</ref> Named [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment|''Jhansi ki Rani'' ("Jhansi Queens") Regiment]] (after the legendary rebel Queen [[Lakshmibai]] of the [[1857 rebellion]]), it drew female civilian volunteers from Malaya and Burma. The 1st Division was lightly armed. Each battalion was composed of five companies of infantry. The individual companies were armed with six [[antitank rifle]]s, six [[Bren gun]]s and six [[Vickers machine gun]]s. Some NCOs carried [[hand grenade]]s, while senior officers of the ''Bahadur'' groups attached to each unit issued hand grenades (of captured British stock) to men going forward on duty.<ref name=Fay297>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=297}}</ref>

The 2nd Division was organised under Colonel Abdul Aziz Tajik<ref name=Fay317>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=317}}</ref> It was formed largely after the [[U Go offensive|Imphal offensive]] had started and drew large remnants of what remained of the [[Hindustan Field Force]] of the First INA. The 2nd Division consisted of the 1st Infantry Regiment, which later merged with the 5th Guerrilla Regiment to form the INA's 2nd Infantry Regiment under Col [[Prem Sahgal]]. The 1st Infantry Regiment drew many civilian volunteers from Burma and Malaya and was equipped with the largest share of the heavy armament that the INA possessed.<ref name=Fay318>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=318}}</ref> An additional 3rd Division of the INA was composed chiefly of local volunteers in Malaya and Singapore. This unit disbanded before Japan surrendered. A motor transport division was also created, but it was severely limited by lack of resources. In 1945, at the end of the INA, it consisted of about 40,000 soldiers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=525–526}}</ref>
Unlike Mohan Singh, whose assumption of the rank of [[general]] had generated opposition, Bose refused to take a rank.<ref name=Bayly&Harper2005p322>{{Harvnb|Bayly|Harper|2005|p=322}}</ref> Both the soldiers of the INA and civilians addressed Bose as ''Netaji'' ("Dear leader"), a term first used in Berlin by members of the Free India Legion.<ref name=Fay236>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=236}}</ref> In October 1943, Bose proclaimed the formation of the ''[[Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind]]'', or the Provisional Government of Free India (also known as ''Azad Hind'' or Free India). The INA was declared to be the army of ''Azad Hind''.<ref name=Toye1959p80&90to93>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|loc=80,90-93}}</ref>