Editing Impressionism (section)

== Content and composition ==
[[File:Hay Harvest at Éragny, 1901, Camille Pissarro.jpg|thumb|[[Camille Pissarro]], ''[[Hay Harvest at Éragny]],'' 1901, [[National Gallery of Canada]], [[Ottawa]], Ontario]]
[[File:Berthe Morisot Reading.jpg|thumb|[[Berthe Morisot]], ''Reading,'' 1873, [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]]]
The Impressionists reacted to modernity by exploring "a wide range of non-academic subjects in art" such as middle-class leisure activities and "urban themes, including train stations, cafés, brothels, the theater, and dance."<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Poulet |editor1-first=Anne L. |last1=Murphy |first1=Alexandra R. |year=1979 |title=Corot to Braque: French Paintings from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston |location=Boston |publisher=The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston |page=XV |isbn=0-87846-134-5}}</ref> They found inspiration in the [[Haussmann's renovation of Paris|newly widened avenues]] of Paris, bounded by new tall buildings that offered opportunities to depict bustling crowds, popular entertainments, and nocturnal lighting in artificially closed-off spaces.{{sfnp|Huyghe|1973|pp=54, 77, 121}}

A painting such as Caillebotte's ''[[Paris Street; Rainy Day]]'' (1877) strikes a modern note by emphasizing the isolation of individuals amid the outsized buildings and spaces of the urban environment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Varnedoe |first1=Kirk |year=1987 |title=Gustave Caillebotte |publisher=Yale University Press |page=90 |isbn=9780300037227}}</ref> When painting landscapes, the Impressionists did not hesitate to include the factories that were proliferating in the countryside. Earlier painters of landscapes had conventionally avoided smokestacks and other signs of industrialization, regarding them as blights on nature's order and unworthy of art.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=James Henry |year=2008 |title=Impressionism and the Modern Landscape: Productivity Technology and Urbanization from Manet to Van Gogh |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |page=128 |isbn=9780520248014}}</ref>

Prior to the Impressionists, other painters, notably such [[Dutch Golden Age painting|17th-century Dutch painters]] as [[Jan Steen]], had emphasized common subjects, but their methods of [[composition (visual arts)|composition]] were traditional. They arranged their compositions so that the main subject commanded the viewer's attention. [[J. M. W. Turner]], while an artist of the [[Romanticism|Romantic era]], anticipated the style of impressionism with his artwork.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/J-M-W-Turner |website=Britannica |title=J.M.W. Turner |access-date=8 December 2018 |archive-date=30 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130101931/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/610274/J-M-W-Turner |url-status=live }}</ref> The Impressionists relaxed the boundary between subject and background so that the effect of an Impressionist painting often resembles a snapshot, a part of a larger reality captured as if by chance.{{sfnp|Rosenblum|1989|p=228}} Photography was gaining popularity, and as cameras became more portable, photographs became more candid. Photography inspired Impressionists to represent momentary action, not only in the fleeting lights of a landscape, but in the day-to-day lives of people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Varnedoe |first1=J. Kirk T. |title=The Artifice of Candor: Impressionism and Photography Reconsidered |journal=Art in America |volume=68 |issue=1 |date=January 1980 |pages=66–78}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Herbert |first1=Robert L. |title=Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society  |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1988 |pages=311, 319 |isbn=0-300-05083-6}}</ref>

The development of Impressionism can be considered partly as a reaction by artists to the challenge presented by photography, which seemed to devalue the artist's skill in reproducing reality. Both portrait and [[Landscape art|landscape]] paintings were deemed somewhat deficient and lacking in truth as photography "produced lifelike images much more efficiently and reliably".<ref name="impressionism757" />

In spite of this, photography actually inspired artists to pursue other means of creative expression, and rather than compete with photography to emulate reality, artists focused "on the one thing they could inevitably do better than the photograph—by further developing into an art form its very subjectivity in the conception of the image, the very subjectivity that photography eliminated".<ref name="impressionism757" /> The Impressionists sought to express their perceptions of nature, rather than create exact representations. This allowed artists to depict subjectively what they saw with their "tacit imperatives of taste and conscience".<ref name="impressionism758">{{cite book |last1=Sontag |first1=Susan |year=1977 |title=On Photography |publisher=Penguin |location=London}}</ref> Photography encouraged painters to exploit aspects of the painting medium, like colour, which photography then lacked: "The Impressionists were the first to consciously offer a subjective alternative to the photograph".<ref name="impressionism757">{{cite book |last1=Levinson |first1=Paul |year=1997 |title=The Soft Edge; a Natural History and Future of the Information Revolution |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York}}</ref>

[[File:Claude Monet - Jardin à Sainte-Adresse.jpg|thumb|[[Claude Monet]], ''[[Garden at Sainte-Adresse|Jardin à Sainte-Adresse]],'' 1867, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York.,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/437133 |title=Garden at Sainte-Adresse |website=Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=11 January 2014 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123074936/http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/437133?rpp=20&pg=1&ao=on&ft=Claude+Monet&pos=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> a work showing the influence of Japanese prints]]

Another major influence was Japanese [[ukiyo-e]] art prints ([[Japonism]]). The art of these prints contributed significantly to the "snapshot" angles and unconventional compositions that became characteristic of Impressionism. An example is Monet's ''Jardin à Sainte-Adresse'', 1867, with its bold blocks of colour and composition on a strong diagonal slant showing the influence of Japanese prints.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLEpf5a49V0C&dq=Terrasse+%C3%A0+Sainte-Adresse+japanese+prints&pg=PA433 |title=Origins of Impressionism |page=433 |isbn=9780870997174 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112131928/https://books.google.com/books?id=kLEpf5a49V0C&pg=PA433&dq=Terrasse+%C3%A0+Sainte-Adresse+japanese+prints&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dwnPUtm_GKnNsQTV-4KIDA&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Terrasse%20%C3%A0%20Sainte-Adresse%20japanese%20prints&f=false |url-status=live |last1=Tinterow |first1=Gary |last2=Loyrette |first2=Henri |year=1994 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art }}</ref>

[[Edgar Degas]] was both an avid photographer and a collector of Japanese prints.{{sfnp|Baumann|Karabelnik|1994|p=112}} His ''The Dance Class'' ''(La classe de danse)'' of 1874 shows both influences in its asymmetrical composition. The dancers are seemingly caught off guard in various awkward poses, leaving an expanse of empty floor space in the lower right quadrant. He also captured his dancers in sculpture, such as the ''[[Little Dancer of Fourteen Years]]''.