Editing Ian Fleming (section)

=== Second World War ===
[[File:Old Admiralty Building 2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=A red brick building with white stone detailing in the Queen Anne style with French influences|[[British Admiralty#The Admiralty|The Admiralty]], where Fleming worked in the [[Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)|Naval Intelligence Division]] during the Second World War]]
In May 1939 Fleming was recruited by [[Rear Admiral]] [[John Henry Godfrey|John Godfrey]], [[Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)|Director of Naval Intelligence]] of the [[Royal Navy]], to become his [[personal assistant]]. He joined the organisation full-time in August 1939,{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=99}} with the codename "17F",{{sfn|Gant|1966|p=45}} and worked out of a Room 39 at [[British Admiralty|the Admiralty]].{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=101}} Fleming's biographer, [[Andrew Lycett]], notes that Fleming had "no obvious qualifications" for the role.<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> As part of his appointment, Fleming was commissioned into the [[Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve]] in July 1939,{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=99}} initially as [[Lieutenant (navy)|lieutenant]],{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=101}} but was promoted to [[Lieutenant commander (Royal Navy)|lieutenant commander]] a few months later.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=103}}

Fleming proved invaluable as Godfrey's personal assistant and excelled in administration.<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> Godfrey was known as an abrasive character who made enemies within government circles. He frequently used Fleming as a liaison with other sections of the government's wartime administration, such as the [[Secret Intelligence Service]], the [[Political Warfare Executive]], the [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE), the [[Joint Intelligence Committee (United Kingdom)|Joint Intelligence Committee]] and the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]'s staff.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=28}}

On 29 September 1939, soon after the start of the war, Godfrey circulated a memorandum that, "bore all the hallmarks of&nbsp;... Lieutenant Commander Ian Fleming", according to historian [[Ben Macintyre]].{{sfn|Macintyre|2010|p=6}} It was called the [[Trout Memo]] and compared the deception of an enemy in wartime to [[fly fishing]].{{sfn|Macintyre|2010|p=6}} The memo contained several schemes to be considered for use against the [[Axis powers]] to lure [[U-boat]]s and German surface ships towards minefields.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=29}} Number 28 on the list was an idea to plant misleading papers on a corpse that would be found by the enemy; the suggestion is similar to [[Operation Mincemeat]], the 1943 plan to conceal the [[operation Husky|intended invasion of Italy]] from North Africa, which was developed by Charles Cholmondoley in October 1942.{{sfn|Macintyre|2010|p=7}} The recommendation in the Trout Memo was titled: "A Suggestion (not a very nice one)",{{sfn|Macintyre|2010|p=7}} and continued: "The following suggestion is used in a book by [[Basil Thomson]]: a corpse dressed as an airman, with despatches in his pockets, could be dropped on the coast, supposedly from a parachute that has failed. I understand there is no difficulty in obtaining corpses at the Naval Hospital, but, of course, it would have to be a fresh one."{{sfn|Macintyre|2010|p=7}}

In 1940 Fleming and Godfrey contacted [[Kenneth Mason (geographer)|Kenneth Mason]], Professor of Geography at [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], about the preparation of reports on the geography of countries involved in military operations. These reports were the precursors of the [[Naval Intelligence Handbooks|''Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series'']] produced between 1941 and 1946.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Clout |first=Hugh |author2=Gosme, Cyril |title=The Naval Intelligence Handbooks: a monument in geographical writing |journal=[[Progress in Human Geography]] |date=April 2003 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=153–173 [156] |doi=10.1191/0309132503ph420oa |s2cid=140542095 |issn=0309-1325}}</ref>

[[Operation Ruthless]], a plan aimed at obtaining details of the [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma#German Navy 3-rotor Enigma|Enigma codes]] used by the [[Kriegsmarine|German Navy]], was instigated by a memo written by Fleming to Godfrey on 12 September 1940. The idea was to "obtain" a Nazi bomber, man it with a German-speaking crew dressed in Luftwaffe uniforms, and crash it into the English Channel. The crew would then attack their German rescuers and bring their boat and [[Enigma machine]] back to England.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=121}} Much to the annoyance of [[Alan Turing]] and [[Peter Twinn]] at [[Bletchley Park]], the mission was never carried out. According to Fleming's niece, [[Lucy Fleming|Lucy]], an official of the [[Royal Air Force]] pointed out that if they were to drop a downed [[Heinkel]] bomber in the English Channel, it would probably sink rather quickly.<ref name="Correspondence" />

Fleming also worked with Colonel [[William Joseph Donovan|"Wild Bill" Donovan]], President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s special representative on intelligence co-operation between London and Washington.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=120}} In May 1941 Fleming accompanied Godfrey to the United States, where he assisted in writing a [[blueprint]] for the [[Office of the Coordinator of Information]], the department that turned into the [[Office of Strategic Services]] and eventually became the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].{{sfn|Pearson|1967|p=137}}

Admiral Godfrey put Fleming in charge of [[Operation Goldeneye]] between 1941 and 1942; Goldeneye was a plan to maintain an intelligence framework in Spain in the event of a German takeover of the territory.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|pp=124–125}} Fleming's plan involved maintaining communication with [[Gibraltar]] and launching sabotage operations against the Nazis.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=54}} In 1941 he liaised with Donovan over American involvement in a measure intended to ensure the Germans did not dominate the seaways.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=125}}

==== 30 Assault Unit ====
In 1942 Fleming formed a unit of [[British Commandos|commandos]], known as [[No. 30 Commando]] or 30 Assault Unit (30AU), composed of specialist intelligence troops.{{sfn|Rankin|2011|p=136}} 30AU's job was to be near the front line of an advance—sometimes in front of it—to seize enemy documents from previously targeted headquarters.{{sfn|Longden|2010|p=2}} The unit was based on a German group headed by [[Otto Skorzeny]], who had undertaken similar activities in the [[Battle of Crete]] in May 1941.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=33}} The German unit was thought by Fleming to be "one of the most outstanding innovations in German intelligence".{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=50}}

Fleming did not fight in the field with the unit, but selected targets and directed operations from the rear.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=33}} On its formation the unit was 30 strong, but it grew to five times that size.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=50}} The unit was filled with men from other commando units, and trained in unarmed combat, safe-cracking and lock-picking at the SOE facilities.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=33}} In late 1942 [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] (later [[Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom|Rear-Admiral]]) Edmund Rushbrooke replaced Godfrey as head of the Naval Intelligence Division, and Fleming's influence in the organisation declined, although he retained control over 30AU.<ref name="Lycett (DNB)" /> Fleming was unpopular with the unit's members,{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=50}} who disliked his referring to them as ''his'' "Red Indians".{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=152}}

Before the 1944 [[Normandy landings]], most of 30AU's operations were in the Mediterranean, although it is possible that it secretly participated in the [[Dieppe Raid]] in a failed pinch raid for an Enigma machine and related materials. Fleming observed the raid from [[HMS Fernie (L11)|HMS ''Fernie'']], 700 yards offshore.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ogrodnik |first=Irene |title=Breaking German codes real reason for 1942 Dieppe raid: historian |url=http://www.globalnews.ca/feature/6442694158/story.html |work=Global News |publisher=[[Shaw Media]] |access-date=17 August 2012 |date=9 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024084451/http://www.globalnews.ca/feature/6442694158/story.html |archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> Because of its successes in Sicily and Italy, 30AU became greatly trusted by naval intelligence.{{sfn|Rankin|2011|p=220}}{{sfn|Longden|2010|p=6}}

In March 1944 Fleming oversaw the distribution of intelligence to Royal Navy units in preparation for [[Operation Overlord]].{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=56}} He was replaced as head of 30AU on 6 June 1944,{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=33}} but maintained some involvement.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|pp=152–153}} He visited 30AU in the field during and after Overlord, especially following an attack on [[Cherbourg]] for which he was concerned that the unit had been incorrectly used as a regular commando force rather than an intelligence-gathering unit. This wasted the men's specialist skills, risked their safety on operations that did not justify the use of such skilled operatives, and threatened the vital gathering of intelligence. Afterwards, the management of these units was revised.{{sfn|Rankin|2011|p=220}} He also followed the unit into Germany after it located, in Tambach Castle, the German naval archives from 1870.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|pp=56–57}}

In December 1944 Fleming was posted on an intelligence fact-finding trip to the Far East on behalf of the Director of Naval Intelligence.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=154}} Much of the trip was spent identifying opportunities for 30AU in the Pacific;{{sfn|Lycett|1996|pp=154–155}} the unit saw little action because of the [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrender]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of 30 Assault Unit 1942–1946 |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/summary/xh40-001.shtml |work=Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives |publisher=[[King's College London]] |access-date=16 May 2012 |location=London |date=8 August 2005}}</ref>

==== T-Force ====
[[File:GoldeneyeEstate.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A white-washed bungalow with a lawn in front|[[Goldeneye (estate)|Goldeneye]], where Fleming wrote all the Bond stories]]

The success of 30AU led to the August 1944 decision to establish a "Target Force", which became known as [[T-Force]]. The official memorandum, held at [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] in London, describes the unit's primary role: "T-Force = Target Force, to guard and secure documents, persons, equipment, with combat and Intelligence personnel, after capture of large towns, ports etc. in liberated and enemy territory."{{sfn|Longden|2010|p=45|ps=: National Archives document WO219/551 (Special Force to Seize Intelligence)}}

Fleming sat on the committee that selected the targets for the T-Force unit, and listed them in the "Black Books" that were issued to the unit's officers.{{sfn|Longden|2010|p=51}} The infantry component of T-Force was in part made up of the [[5th Battalion, King's Regiment (Liverpool)|5th Battalion]], [[King's Regiment]], which supported the [[Second Army (United Kingdom)|Second Army]].{{sfn|Longden|2010|p=78}} It was responsible for securing targets of interest for the British military, including nuclear laboratories, gas research centres and individual rocket scientists. The unit's most notable discoveries came during the advance on the German port of [[Kiel]], in the research centre for German engines used in the [[V-2 rocket]], [[Messerschmitt Me 163]] fighters and high-speed U-boats.{{sfn|Longden|2010|p=198}} Fleming later used elements of the activities of T-Force in his writing, particularly in his 1955 Bond novel ''[[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]''.{{sfn|Longden|2010|p=377}}

In 1942 Fleming attended an Anglo-American intelligence summit in Jamaica and, despite the constant heavy rain during his visit, he decided to live on the island once the war was over.{{sfn|Gant|1966|p=51}} His friend Ivar Bryce helped find a plot of land in [[Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica|Saint Mary Parish]] where, in 1945, Fleming had a house built, which he named [[Goldeneye (estate)|Goldeneye]].{{sfn|Pearson|1967|p=161}} (His main residence remained in London, in [[London Victoria station|Victoria]]).{{sfn|Lycett|1996|page=236}} The name of the house and estate where he wrote his novels has many possible sources. Fleming himself mentioned both his wartime Operation Goldeneye{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=165}} and [[Carson McCullers]]' 1941 novel ''[[Reflections in a Golden Eye (novel)|Reflections in a Golden Eye]]'', which described the use of British naval bases in the Caribbean by the American navy.{{sfn|Pearson|1967|p=161}}

Fleming was demobilised in May 1945, but remained in the RNVR for several years, receiving a promotion to substantive lieutenant-commander (Special Branch) on 26 July 1947.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38052|supp=|page=3983|date=22 August 1947}}</ref> In October 1947, he was awarded the [[King Christian X's Liberty Medal]] for his contribution in assisting Danish officers escaping from Denmark to Britain during the occupation of Denmark.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Faurholt |first1=Af Martin Schantz |title=Fleming og James Bonds danske forbin |url=http://www.dr.dk/nyheder/kultur/historie/ian-fleming-og-james-bonds-danske-forbindelse |access-date=30 October 2015 |language=Danish |date=30 October 2015}}</ref> He ended his service on 16 August 1952, when he was removed from the active list of the RNVR with the rank of lieutenant-commander.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=39657|supp=|page=5149|date=30 September 1952}}</ref>