Editing Hypernymy and hyponymy (section)

=== Autohyponyms ===
[[File:Autohyponyms.svg|thumb|300px|Three varieties of autohyponym]]
A word is an autohyponym if it is used for both a hypernym and its hyponym:<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Synthese|volume=85|issue=3|pages=391–416|language=en|jstor = 20116854|last1 = Gillon|first1 = Brendan S.|title=Ambiguity, generality, and indeterminacy: Tests and definitions|year=1990|doi=10.1007/BF00484835|s2cid=15186368}}</ref> it has a stricter [[word sense|sense]] that is entirely a subset of a broader sense. For example, the word ''dog'' describes both the species ''[[Canis familiaris]]'' and male individuals of ''Canis familiaris'', so it is possible to say "That dog isn't a dog, it's a bitch" ("That hypernym Z isn't a hyponym Z, it's a hyponym Y"). The term "autohyponym" was coined by linguist [[Laurence R. Horn]], in his 1984 paper "Ambiguity, negation, and the London School of Parsimony". Linguist [[Ruth Kempson]] had already observed that if there are hyponyms for one part of a set but not another, the hypernym can complement the existing hyponym by being used for the remaining part. For example, fingers describe all digits on a hand, but the existence of the word [[thumb]] for the first finger means that fingers can also be used for "non-thumb digits on a hand".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286695474|title=Ambiguity, negation, and the London School of Parsimony|last=Horn|first=Laurence R|date=1984|pages=110–118}}</ref> Autohyponymy is also called "vertical [[polysemy]]".{{Efn|In part because the term autohyponymy is ambiguous because it is itself an autohyponym (see Koskela)}}<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=ak-metonymy.pdf&site=1|title=On the distinction between metonymy and vertical polysemy in encyclopaedic semantics|last=Koskela|first=Anu|date=2015-01-23|website=www.sussex.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-date=2019-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927182553/http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/24023/1/ak_metonymy.pdf|url-status=live}}{{void|Fabrickator|comment|replaced url "http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/24023/1/ak_metonymy.pdf" which requires a series of clicks, replacement url goes to the content directly}}</ref>

Horn called this "licensed [[polysemy]]", but found that autohyponyms also formed even when there is no other hyponym. [[Yankee]] is autohyponymous because it is a hyponym (native of New England) and its hypernym (native of the United States), even though there is no other hyponym of Yankee (as native of the United States) that means "not a native of New England".{{Efn|Horn identifies up to four layers of hyponym for Yankee: native of the United States, native of the northern United States, native of New England, or [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|WASP]] native of New England.}}<ref name=":0" /> Similarly, the [[verb]] to drink (a beverage) is a hypernym for to drink (an alcoholic beverage).<ref name=":0" />

In some cases, autohyponyms duplicate existing, distinct hyponyms. The hypernym "smell" (to emit any smell) has a hyponym "stink" (to emit a bad smell), but is autohyponymous because "smell" can also mean "to emit a bad smell", even though there is no "to emit a smell that isn't bad" hyponym.<ref name=":0" />