Editing Hyderabad (section)

=== Modern history ===
In 1713, Mughal emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] appointed [[Mubariz Khan]] as Governor of Hyderabad. During his tenure, he [[City Wall of Hyderabad|fortified the city]] and controlled the internal and neighbouring threats.<ref name="Richards">{{cite book |title=The Mughal Empire, Part 1 |volume=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |pages=279–281 |last=Richards |first=John.F. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529043831/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1714 Farrukhsiyar appointed [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]] as [[Viceroy of the Deccan]]—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the title ''Nizam-ul-Mulk'' (Administrator of the Realm). In 1721, he was appointed as Prime Minister of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="Mehta&Roy">{{cite book |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |page=143 |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |year=2005}}
* {{cite book |title=Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=95 |isbn=978-0-231-80042-6 |last=Roy |first=Olivier |year=2011}}</ref> His differences with the court nobles led him to resign from all the imperial responsibilities in 1723 and leave for Deccan.<ref name="Mehta">{{cite book |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813 |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |page=143 |year=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6}}</ref><ref name="Roy">{{cite book |title=Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways |last=Roy |first=Olivier |page=95 |year=2011 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-80042-6}}</ref> Under the influence of Asaf Jah I's opponents, Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] issued a decree to [[Mubariz Khan]], to stop Asaf Jah I which resulted in the [[Battle of Shakar Kheda]].<ref name="Mehta" />{{rp|93–94}} In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the ''[[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]'', named the region ''[[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Deccan]]'', and started what came to be known as the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]. Subsequent rulers retained the title ''Nizam ul-Mulk'' and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]].<ref name="Richards" /><ref name="columbia&TOI">{{cite book |last=Ikram |first=S. M. |title=Muslim civilization in India |publisher=Columbia University |year=1964 |isbn=978-0-231-02580-5 |editor-last=Embree |editor-first=Ainslie T |editor-link=Ainslie Embree |chapter=A century of political decline: 1707–1803 |author-link=S. M. Ikram |access-date=8 October 2011 |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002641/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html |archive-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=live}}<br/>
{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Sushil |date=11 December 2009 |title=Testing time again for the pearl of Deccan |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910232115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref> The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson—[[Nasir Jung]] (1748–1750), [[Muzaffar Jang Hidayat|Muzaffar Jang]] (1750–1751) and [[Salabat Jung]] (1751–1762)—contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession of [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]], who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the [[Treaty of Masulipatam]]—by which the [[East India Company]] in return for a fixed annual rent, got the right to control and collect the taxes at [[Coromandel Coast]].<ref name="Reg Sal Geo">{{cite book |title=Nizam-British relations, 1724–1857 |publisher=Concept Publishing |pages=130–150 |isbn=978-81-7022-195-1 |last=Regani |first=Sarojini |year=1988}}
* {{cite book |title=A comprehensive history of medieval India |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |page=346 |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |title=An historical sketch of the native states of India in subsidiary alliance with the British government |publisher=Asian Education Services |pages=280–292 |isbn=978-81-206-1971-5 |last=Malleson |first=George Bruce |year=2005}}
* {{cite book |title=The annals of Indian administration, Volume 14 |publisher=BiblioBazaar |page=467 |isbn=978-1-145-42314-5 |last=Townsend |first=Meredith |year=2010}}</ref>
[[File:NSR Hyderabad doubledecker bus. AlbionCX19.jpg|thumb|right|152px|A picture of a doubledecker bus in Hyderabad in the 1940s. [[Nizam State Railways - Road Transport Division|Bus services]] were introduced in Hyderabad by  1932]]
In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.<ref name="Richards" /><ref name="columbia&TOI" /> In response to regular threats from [[Hyder Ali]] (Dalwai of [[Mysore]]), [[Baji Rao I]] ([[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]]), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by [[French India|French]] General the [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]]), the Nizam signed a [[subsidiary alliance]] with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the [[British Indian Army]] to be stationed at [[Bolarum]] (modern [[Secunderabad]]) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.<ref name="Reg Sal Geo" />

Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of [[Hussain Sagar]] lake,<ref>{{cite web |title=The mills, Hyderabad. |url=https://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/92037/_http___www_bl_uk_onlinegallery_onlineex_apac_photocoll_t_zoomify62268_html.html?start=6&query= |year=2013 |website=[[Europeana]] |last=Dayal |first=Deen |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224338/http://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/92037/_http___www_bl_uk_onlinegallery_onlineex_apac_photocoll_t_zoomify62268_html.html?start=6&query= |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> and during the early 20th century, Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of [[Nizam State Railways - Road Transport Division|transport services]], underground drainage, running water, [[Hussain Sagar Thermal Power Station|electricity]], telecommunications, universities, industries, and [[Begumpet Airport]]. The [[Nizams]] ruled the [[princely state]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] during the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Richards" /><ref name="columbia&TOI" />

==== Post-Independence ====
[[File:Hyderabad mills.jpg|thumb|A mill with a canal connecting to Hussain Sagar lake. Following the introduction of railways in the 1880s, factories were built around the lake.|alt=Sepia photograph of buildings around the water canal]]
After India [[Indian independence movement|gained independence]], the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] or newly formed [[Dominion of Pakistan]].<ref name="Reg Sal Geo" /> The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Communist Party of India]], began agitating against [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|Nizam VII]] in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed [[Annexation of Hyderabad|Operation Polo]]. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an [[Instrument of Accession]], which made him the ''[[Rajpramukh]]'' (Princely Governor) of the state until it was abolished on 31 October 1956.<ref name="columbia&TOI" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Momentous day for lovers of freedom, democracy |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/17/stories/2004091706840400.htm |last=Venkateshwarlu |first=K |date=17 September 2004 |access-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817055717/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/17/stories/2004091706840400.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>

Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the [[Telangana Rebellion|Telangana uprising]] against the [[Indian feudalism|feudal]] lords of the [[Telangana region]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Affirming life and diversity |publisher=Pragati Offset |pages=1–10 |isbn=978-1-84369-674-2 |last1=Sathees |first1=P.V. |last2=Pimbert |first2=Michel |last3=The DDS Community Media Trust |year=2008}}</ref> The [[Constitution of India]], which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the [[part B states]] of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital.<ref>{{cite news |title=Demand for states along linguistic lines gained momentum in the '50s |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demand-for-states-along-linguistic-lines-gained-momentum-in-the-50s/articleshow/7250365.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 January 2011 |access-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910201915/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demand-for-states-along-linguistic-lines-gained-momentum-in-the-50s/articleshow/7250365.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> In his 1955 report ''Thoughts on Linguistic States'', [[B. R. Ambedkar]], then chairman of the [[Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution]], proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the [[second capital]] of India because of its amenities and strategic central location.<ref name="Mahesh Ambedkar">{{cite book |title=The Architect of Modern India Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |pages=132–133 |isbn=978-81-288-0954-5 |last=Ambedkar |first=Mahesh |year=2005}}</ref>

On 1 November 1956 the states of India [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|were reorganised]] by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]]. The nine [[Telugu language|Telugu]]- and [[Urdu]]-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking [[Andhra State]] to create Andhra Pradesh,<ref>{{cite book |title=Multi-sited ethnography: theory, praxis and locality in contemporary research |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |pages=165–166 |isbn=978-0-7546-9144-0 |last=Falzon |first=Mark-Anthony |year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Police in India |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |page=142 |isbn=978-81-7156-628-0 |last=Chande |first=M. B |year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Living together, separately |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/living-together-separately/article4358004.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |date=30 January 2013 |access-date=5 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053616/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/living-together-separately/article4358004.ece |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the [[Telangana movement]], attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Telangana movement has sparked political turf war in Andhra |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-telangana-movement-has-sparked-political-turf-war-in-andhra/20111005.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=5 October 2011 |access-date=19 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123122405/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-telangana-movement-has-sparked-political-turf-war-in-andhra/20111005.htm |archive-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal,<ref>{{cite news |last=Naqshbandi |first=Aurangzeb |date=31 July 2013 |title=Telangana at last: India gets a new state, demand for other states gets a boost |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-at-last-india-gets-a-new-state-clamour-for-other-states-grow/article1-1100983.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125041752/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-at-last-india-gets-a-new-state-clamour-for-other-states-grow/article1-1100983.aspx |archive-date=25 January 2014 |access-date=31 July 2013 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}

* {{cite web |date=3 October 2013 |title=Creation of a new state of Telangana by bifurcating the existing State of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99854 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214211/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99854 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=3 October 2013 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}
* {{cite web |date=6 October 2013 |title=Text of Cabinet note on Telangana |url=http://epaper.thehansindia.com/PUBLICATIONS/THEHANSINDIA/THI/2013/10/06/ArticleHtmls/Text-of-Cabinet-Note-on-Telangana-06102013007003.shtml?Mode=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013165402/http://epaper.thehansindia.com/PUBLICATIONS/THEHANSINDIA/THI/2013/10/06/ArticleHtmls/Text-of-Cabinet-Note-on-Telangana-06102013007003.shtml?Mode=1 |archive-date=13 October 2013 |access-date=7 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> and in February 2014 both houses of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] [[Act of Parliament|passed]] the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|Telangana Bill]]. With the final assent of the President of India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014.