Editing Hurrians (section)

===Late Bronze Age===

The [[Mitanni|Mitanni Empire]] was a strong regional power limited by the Hittites to the north, Egyptians to the southwest, [[Kassites]] to the southeast, and later by the Assyrians to the east. At its maximum extent Mitanni ranged as far as west as [[Kizzuwatna]] by the Taurus mountains, [[Tunip]] in the south, [[Arraphe]] in the east, and north to [[Lake Van]]. Their sphere of influence is shown in spread Hurrian place names, personal names.<ref name="von Dassow, Eva, (2022)">von Dassow, Eva, (2022). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr9qEAAAQBAJ&dq=alalakh+tablets&pg=PA455 "Mittani and Its Empire"], in Karen Radner, Nadine Moeller, D. T. Potts (eds.), The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, Volume III: From the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC, Oxford University Press, pp. 467, 469.</ref> Eventually, after an internal succession crisis, Mitanni fell to the Hittites, later to fall under the control of the Assyrians.<ref>Pruzsinszky, Regine. "Emar and the Transition from Hurrian to Hittite Power". Representations of Political Power: Case Histories from Times of Change and Dissolving Order in the Ancient Near East, edited by Marlies Heinz and Marian H. Feldman, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 21-38</ref><ref>Devecchi, Elena. “Details That Make the Difference: The Akkadian Manuscripts of the ‘Šattiwaza Treaties.’” Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 48, no. 1, 2018, pp. 72–95</ref>

The Hurrian entity of Mitanni, which first rose to power before 1550 BC,<ref>Barjamovic, Gojko, (2012). [https://www.academia.edu/2966805/The%20Mesopotamian%20Empires "Mesopotamian Empires"], in: P.F. Bang, and W. Scheidel (eds.), ''The Oxford Handbook of the Ancient State in the Ancient Near East and the Mediterranean'', Oxford University Press, '''p. 125:''' "...The Mitanni empire covered northern and western Syria and northern Iraq (ca. 1600-1340 BCE) but succumbed to internal strife and the pressure of an expanding Assyrian empire..."</ref><ref>Barjamovic, Gojko, (2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nz0HEAAAQBAJ&dq=mitanni&pg=PA73 "The Empires of Western Asia and the Assyrian World Empire"], in: The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires, Oxford University Press, '''p. 76:''' "After 1600 BCE the area between Iran and Egypt was united into a dynamic regional system of empires, Mitanni covered northern and western Syria and northern Iraq circa 1550-1340 BCE..."</ref> was first mentioned in the records of Egyptian pharaohs [[Thutmose I]] (1506–1493 BC) and [[Thutmose III]] (1479–1425 BC), the later most notably associated with the [[Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)|Battle of Megiddo]] in that pharaoh's 22 regnal year.<ref>Redford, Donald B. “A Gate Inscription from Karnak and Egyptian Involvement in Western Asia during the Early 18th Dynasty.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 99, no. 2, 1979, pp. 270–87</ref><ref>His memoir was published by L. Borchardt, "Altägyptische Zeitmessung" in E. von Basserman-Jordan, ''Die Geschichte der Zeitmessung und der Ühre'', vol. I. (Berlin/Leipzig) 1930, pp 60ff, noted in Astour 1972:104, notes 25,26.</ref> Most of the time Egyptians referred to the kingdom as [[Naharin]]. Later, Mitanni and Hanigalbat (the Assyrian name for Mitanni) are mentioned in the [[Amarna Letters]] during the time of Pharaoh Akhenaten (1353–1336 BC). Domestically, Mitanni records have been found at a number of places in the region including several Hittite sites as well as [[Tell Bazi]], [[Alalakh]], [[Nuzi]], [[Mardaman]], [[Kemune]], and Müslümantepe among others.<ref name="Ay">Ay, Eyyüp, (2021). [https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1309737 "A Hurrian-Mitanni Temple in Müslümantepe in The Upper Tigris and New Findings"], in ''Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, April 27, 2021.''</ref><ref>A. Otto, "The Late Bronze Age Pottery of the Weststadt of Tall Bazi (North Syria)", in: M. Luciani, A. Hausleitner (Eds.), Recent Trends in the Study of Late Bronze Age Ceramics in Syro-Mesopotamia and Neighbouring Regions. Proceedings of the International Workshop in Berlin, 2 – 5 November 2006, OrA 32, Rahden/Westf., pp. 85-117, 2014</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Grosz|first1=Katarzyna|title=The Archive of the Wullu Family|date=1988|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|location=University of Copenhagen|isbn=978-87-7289-040-1|page=11}}</ref>

Another major center of Hurrian influence was the kingdom of [[Arrapha]]. Excavations at Yorgan Tepe, ancient Nuzi, proved this to be one of the most important sites for our knowledge about the Hurrians. Hurrian kings such as Ithi-Teshup and Ithiya ruled over Arrapha, yet by the mid-fifteenth century BC they had become vassals of the Great King of Mitanni.<ref>Speiser, E. A., "Notes to Recently Published Nuzi Texts", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 432–43, 1935</ref>